Lab 4

Question 1

Rubber band around head procedure; what types of sensory receptors are being stimulated and are they phasic or tonic?

Answer 1

mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure), phasic bc they adapt to stimulus.

Question 2

Rubber band around head procedure; what has occurred with each change in stimulus (application of the rubber band and removal of the band?

Answer 2

a graded potential happens when the stimulus changes which leads to an AP. so aps happen when the stimulus changes.

Question 3

distribution and testing of cutaneous receptors; used marker, toothpick, cool metal rod and warm metal rod. What are the receptor types, are they phasic or tonic, and which type is more numerous?

Answer 3

mechanoreceptors/tactile - touch (tonic or phasic), nociceptors - pain (tonic), thermoreceptors - heat and cold (phasic). mechano were more numerous, then pain, then cold, then heat.

Question 4

what happens during the two-point discrimination procedure?

Answer 4

use aesthesiometer to touch parts of skin and move tip apart small distance to see when they can discriminate btwn two points.

Question 5

two-point discrimination procedure; what type of receptors, where on body is two-point discrimination the greatest, and why?

Answer 5

mechanoreceptors, greatest on fingertips bc points are the closest. want to feel accurately with fingertips.

Question 6

two-point discrimination procedure; which area has the greatest density of receptors and which the least?

Answer 6

greatest density is fingertips least density is back of hand.

Question 7

what happens during the using proprioception to locate a stimulus procedure? Where are the receptors more numerous, and where in the brain are the stimuli perceived?

Answer 7

partner touches skin, and person has to try to touch same spot, whole time eyes closed. fingertips more numerous. sensory info goes to somatesonsory cortex an postcentral gyrus.

Question 8

what procedures test visual acuity?

Answer 8

snellen eye chart, astigmatism chart, and ishiharas colour plates.

Question 9

What happens during the snellen eye test?

Answer 9

stand 20 feet away and read lines of letters, and try to read smallest line of letters.

Question 10

What happens during the astigmatism test?

Answer 10

stand 20 feet away from chart and identify the spokes you can see clearly

Question 11

what is tested with ishiharas colour plates, and what are the different cone types?

Answer 11

deficiencies in colour photoreceptor cells, one type absorbs red wavelengths, one blue wavelengths, one green wavelengths.

Question 12

What is convergence?

Answer 12

medial mvmt of the eyes, which helps to maintain partial overlap of the visual field of each eye when viewing objects close up

Question 13

What is nystagmus?

Answer 13

involuntary, rapid, rhythmic mvmt of one or both eyeballs, produced by weak extrinsic mms or damage to a branch of cranial nerve that innervates an extrinsic eye mm.

Question 14

How do you test convergence?

Answer 14

slowly brining a pencil to bridge of nose. eyes will be misaligned if theres convergence

Question 15

How do you test nystagmus?

Answer 15

hold pencil away from bridge of nose, move side to die and up and down, eyes would shake if nystagmus present.

Question 16

What does the Weber test do?

Answer 16

tests if conductive or sensorineural hearing loss by striking tuning forehead and placing on forehead. if can hear sound better on one side then; CHL may be in the ear thats louder (bc no enviro noise to interfere with sound heard by bone conduction), or SHL where sounds louder in oppo ear bc of damage to nerve making it quieter.

Question 17

What does the Rinné test do?

Answer 17

tests for middle ear deafness by having tuning fork on mastoid to hear sound via bone conduction, and then moving to ear to hear via air conduction. if no problems should be able to hear both fine. if problems wont be able to hear air conduction after, indicating that bone conduction is better, so smthn is causing middle ear deafness.

Question 18

in rinné test what sensory receptors are being stimulated, and what cranial nerve will carry signals toward the cns?

Answer 18

hair cells are specialized mechanoreceptors. cranial nerve 8, vestibulocochlear nerve, cochlear branch.

Question 19

What is the light pupillary reflex?

Answer 19

autonomic reflex that regulates amount of light entering the eye to optimize vision and protect photoreceptor cells. constriction of pupils happens when light shines into eye.

Question 20

What is the light puillary reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, innervation of effector?

Answer 20

R= photocreceptors E= smooth mm in iris. Cranial nerve 2 optic. ipsilateral. ANS; PSNS. constricts, Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor nerve.

Question 21

What is the consensual light reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, innervation of effector?

Answer 21

R= photoreceptors E= smooth mm in iris. cranial nerve 2 optic. contralateral. ANS; PSNS. constricts. cranial nerve 3 oculomotor nerve.

Question 22

What is the ciliospinal reflex?

Answer 22

tests fxn of sympathetic pathways involved in pupillary dilation. stimulate skin if neck face or shoulders and pupil dilates.

Question 23

What is the ciliospinal reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, innervation of effector?

Answer 23

R= mechanoreceptors, nociceptors E= smooth mm in iris. spinal/cranial? , 1st order neuron. ipsilateral. ANS; SNS. pre- and post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 24

What is the corneal reflex?

Answer 24

blink reflex, where if smthn touches cornea, we blink to avoid damage to eye.

Question 25

What is the corneal reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, innervation of effector?

Answer 25

R= mechanoreceptors in cornea E= skel mm, orbicularis oculi. cranial nerve 5 trigeminal. bilateral. SomNS. cranial nerve 7 facial nerve

Question 26

What is the patellar (knee jerk) reflex?

Answer 26

stretch reflex which maintains mm tone and posture and prevents overstretching and injury by causing immediate contraction of quads when theyre stretched.

Question 27

What is the patellar reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, E/F, innervation of effector, nt released at effector?

Answer 27

R= mm spindle in quad fem E= quad fem. spinal. ipsilateral. SomNS. extensor. femoral nerve. ACh

Question 28

What is the achilles tendon reflex?

Answer 28

stretch reflex, that occurs in gastrocnemius.

Question 29

What is the achilles tendon reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, E/F, innervation of effector, nt released at effector?

Answer 29

R= mm spindle in gastroc E= gastroc. spinal. ipsilateral. SomNS. flexor. tibial nerve, ACh.

Question 30

What is the plantar reflex?

Answer 30

reflex elicited in toes when cutaneous receptors on sole of foot are stimulated. protects sole of foot from injury and contributes to motor control and coordination of foot mvmts.

Question 31

What is the plantar reflex; receptor, effector, C or S, ipsi/contra, system, E/F, innervation of effector, nt released at effector?

Answer 31

R= mechanoreceptors E= skel mm, flexor digitorum longus. spinal. ipsilateral. SomNS. flexor. medial plantar nerve of tibial nerve branch. ACh

Question 32

What's the difference btwn a phasic and tonic receptor?

Answer 32

phasic; adapts to an ongoing stimulus, and only reacts to a change in that stimulus. tonic; constantly sending signal about stimulus.

Question 33

Poliomelytis affects the anterior horn of the spinal gray matter and destroys the cell bodies of motor neuron located there. Would you expect a person with severer polio to exhibit spastic or flaccid paralysis of skel mms?

Answer 33

LMNs would be damaged so flaccid paralysis bc signals not getting sent past spinal cord.

Question 34

Which of the reflexes or tests could be used to assess the fxn of the femoral nerve?

Answer 34

patellar knee jerk reflex.

Question 35

Which of the reflexes or tests could be used to assess the fxn of the cranial nerve VII?

Answer 35

corneal reflex assesses the facial nerve

Question 36

Which of the reflexes or tests could be used to assess the fxn of the cranial nerve VIII?

Answer 36

weber test or rinné test assesses the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Question 37

(look at pic in NB album) On the images provided, your choices are labeled a to e for questions 1 and 2: 1. which of the labeles images shows a biological hazard? 2. Which of the labeled images shows both a chemical and physical hazard?

Answer 37

1. c) 2. e) (bc clear substances are just assumed to be a chemical instead of water, so there was a chemical spill).

Question 38

For the graph provided, use the following choices to answer questions 3 and 4: a) time of day b) cortisol lvl c) cortisol lvls increase with age d) cortisol lvls are highest in the evening e) older individuals have lower cortisol lvls 3. what is the dependent variable on the graph? 4. what trend in cortisol lvls does the graph show?

Answer 38

3. b) 4. e)

Question 39

For the apparatus provided, use the following choices to answer questions 5 and 6: a) simple diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) osmosis d) 70:30 e) 40:60 5. What types of cell membrane transport is demonstrated by this apparatus? 6. Which ratio of bead molecules would result in the greatest movement of molecules across the membrane?

Answer 39

5. b) facilitated diffusion (holes are supposed to be membrane channel proteins) 6. d)

Question 40

On the apparatus provided, your choices are labeled a and b for questions 7 and 8: 7. Which of the labeled test tubes contains a solution that has a lower osmotic pressure compared to red blood cells? 8. Which of the labeled test tubes demonstrates that hemolysis has occurred?

Answer 40

7. b) 8. b) (clearer bc the membranes have popped)

Question 41

On the graph provided, your choices are labeled a to e for questions 9 and 10: 9. Where on the graph do Na voltage gated channels open? 10. Which part of the graph represents the relative refractory period?

Answer 41

9. b) 10. d)

Question 42

(multi-select) Which of the following are involved in the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex? a. generator potential on the 1st order neuron b. EPSP on the 3rd order neuron c. IPSP on the postganglionic neuron d. release of ACh by the lower motor neuron e. EPSP on an interneuron in a monosynaptic pathway

Answer 42

a. generator potential on the 1st order neuron & d. release of ACh by the lower motor neuron

Question 43

A Rinné test is performed with which of the following pieces of equipment? a. aesthesiometer b. tuning fork c. von frey filament d. ishiharas colour plates e. pen light

Answer 43

b. tuning fork

Question 44

Which of the following reflexes is both cranial and sympathetic?

Answer 44

ciliospinal reflex (dont know why its cranial very confusing)