Lab 7

Question 1

Scapula Orientation

Answer 1

In bipeds, the scapula (shoulder blade) is oriented laterally; in suspensory apes like chimpanzees, it is cranially oriented for arm-hanging.

Question 2

Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)

Answer 2

In chimpanzees, the humerus is more robust with a deep bicipital groove for stronger arm muscles; in humans, it is smaller and adapted for manipulation rather than locomotion.

Question 3

Metacarpals & Phalanges

Answer 3

Hand and finger bones; in chimps, they are long and curved for grasping, while in humans, they are shorter and straighter for fine manipulation.

Question 4

Apical Tufts

Answer 4

The expanded fingertips in humans that allow for fine muscle control and increased sensory perception.

Question 5

Pelvis Shape

Answer 5

In bipeds, the pelvis is broad and basin-shaped to support upright posture; in quadrupeds, it is narrow and elongated.

Question 6

Gluteal Muscles

Answer 6

Muscles in the hip that stabilize bipedal walking by keeping the center of gravity over the feet.

Question 7

Femoral Head

Answer 7

The rounded top of the femur that fits into the hip socket; larger in bipeds due to weight-bearing functions.

Question 8

Tibial Plateau

Answer 8

The top surface of the tibia where it connects to the femur; larger and more robust in bipeds to support weight-bearing.

Question 9

Talus & Calcaneus

Answer 9

The ankle and heel bones; more robust in bipeds to bear weight, while smaller and more flexible in arboreal apes.