Lab 7 Flashcards
Biotechnology
use of organisms or their components to make or modify products useful to humans
Traditional Biotechnology
selective plant breeding and animal breeding and using yeast to create cheese, beer, wine, and bread
Modern biotechnology
since the 1970’s
manipulation of DNA in vitro such as transfers of genes and advances fields such as forensics, medicine, agriculture, etc
5 parts to a structure of DNA
-large and double-stranded
-strands composed of nucleotides
-nucleotides composed of 3 parts
-nucleotides are joined by covalent phosphodiester bonds
-between the strands is hydrogen bonds of complementary pairs
3 parts to a nuclotide
1.)nitrogen base (AGCT)
2.) sugar (deoxyribose)
3.) negatively charged phosphate group
information encoded in DNA is ____ to RNA
transcribed
RNA is _____ into a sequence of amino acids also known as
translated
proteins
forensic
use of scientific methods in a wide array of legal or investigative situations
Biological samples collected for DNA must include
nucleated cells
4 parts to processing and analyzing crime scene DNA
1.) DNA extraction
2.) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
3.) Restriction fragment analysis
a. restriction digest
b. gel electrophoresis
4.) interpreting the results
3 solutions needed in DNA extraction
isotonic medium
lysis solution
70% ethanol
What does the lysis solution do
lyses plasma (cell) membrane and nuclear membrane of each cell by disrupting the bonds of the lipids and proteins that make up the membranes
DNA is insoluble in
alcohol
What does the sports drink do to the charge
it carriers sodium chloride which is positively charged and is attracted to the negatively charged DNA
What does PCR do
a process that rapidly makes identical copies of DNA sequences
4 ingredients in a PCR
DNA
(dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP)
Primers
DNA polymerase (taq)
what is a thermal cycler
an automated system that maintains a series of temperatures for specific periods of time
3 steps of the PCR cycle
denaturation
annealing of primers
extension of primers
denaturation of DNA
heat so the strands of DNA separate
Annealing of primers
cool so the primers can bond to single strand of DNA
extension of primers
heat to allow polymerase to add dNTP’s to the end of primers
Draw PCR happening
Restriction fragment analysis
enables indirect comparison of nucleotide sequences in different DNA samples through the use of restriction enzymes
restriction enzymes
cut DNA within specific recognition sequences
