Lab 6: Human Osteology and Anatomy Flashcards
Osteology
The study of bone (to understand/reconstruct human evolutionary history, diet, forensics, and surgery)
Fossilization
Process of preservation of tissue through chemical replacement.
Works well in bones and teeth bc they resist decay
(Qualities of) Bone
Made of organic and inorganic material;
Strong and also able to change shape in an emergency;
Lightweight
Acts as reservoir for minerals
4 Major Bone Types
Long
Flat
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid Bones
Bones embedded in tendon or muscle
Long Bones
1 of 4 types of bones
Long, wide, tubular shaft bones
Flat Bones
1 of 4 types of bones
Broad and thin bones
Short Bones
1 of 4 types of bones Chode bones (nearly as long as they are wide) Found in wrists
Irregular Nones
1 of 4 types of bones
Bones that don’t fit into the other 3 bone categories
Exps. sphenoid, vertebrae, maxilla
Standard Anatomical Position
Facing forward while standing with the feet together facing forward with the arms at the sides and the palms facing forward and the thumbs facing outward
This position enable view of the skeleton without any of the bones being crossed
Sagittal Plane
Midline of the body (right to left)
Coronal Plane
Midline of the body (front to back)
Transverse Plane
Midline of the body (top to bottom)
Superior
Describes location of structures that are closer to the head
exp. Skull superior to the trunk
Inferior
Describes location of structures that are FARTHER FROM the head
exp. Trunk inferior to the ribs
Anterior
Describes location of structures that are toward the front of the body
exp. sternum anterior to the spine
Posterior
Describes location of structures that are toward the BACK of the body
exp. Shoulder blade posterior to the collarbone
Medial
Describes location of structures that are closest to the body’s sagittal place
exp. nose medial to ears
Lateral
Describes location of structures that are FARTHEST from the body’s sagittal place
exp. shoulders lateral to sternum
Proximal
Describes location of structures relevant to arms and legs that are closest to the axial plane
exp. Funny bone is proximal to the hands
Distal
Describes location of structures relevant to arms and legs that are closest to the axial plane
exp. elbow distal to the shoulder
Axial Skeleton
Bones of the body’s midline
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the body’s limbs
Articulation
A point where two bones connect
Enamel
Hard, mineral material that coats the teeth
Dentine
Layer of material beneath the tooth enamel that gives teeth their shock absorbing power (for chewing hard things)
Cementum
Material surrounding the tooth root to anchor it into the jaw
Deciduous Teeth
Baby teeth
4 Types of teeth
Incisors (2 per mouth quadrant)
Canines (1 per mouth quadrant)
Premolars (2 per mouth quadrant)
Molars (3 per mouth quadrant)
Incisors
1 of 4 types of teeth
2 per mouth quadrant
Canines
1 of 4 types of teeth
1 per mouth quadrant
Pointy
Premolars
1 of 4 types of teeth
2 per mouth quadrant
Molars
1 of 4 types of teeth
3 per mouth quadrant
Flat, wide, for grinding
Dental Formulas
Tell you the ratios of the different types of teeth by animal
Occlusal
The chewing surface of the jaw
Enamel Hypoplasias
Sections of enamel that doesn’t fully mineralize during development (d/t stress, nutrition, environmental factors, etc)
