Lab 2: Genetics and the Principles of Inheritance Flashcards
Locus
A place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located (like and address)
Dominant Allele
Will always be expressed when present
DNA’s basic building blocks (Nucleotides)
Made of phosphate (the structure’s backbone), sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)
Held together by hydrogen bonds
Nucleus
The storehouse of an organism’s genetic information (DNA); Chromosomes live in here
ABO Blood Groups
OO= Type O AO= Type A BO=Type B AA=Type A BB=Type B AB=Type AB
Sex Chromosomes
the 1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y)
Homozygote
When a zygote carries identical alleles at a given locus
exp. RR or rr (two dominant or 2 recessive alleles)
Adenine’s base pairing partner
Thymine
Complex Traits
Traits that show continuous variation
They’re expressed on a spectrum
Gene
Basic unit of inheritance
Codes for specific proteins
Come multiple variations (called alleles)
Heterozygote
When a zygote carries DIFFERENT alleles at a given locus exp Rr (mix of dominant and recessive alleles)
Zygote
Fertilized egg cell (has 46 chromosomes)
Complex Traits (the kind influenced by more than 2 genes)
Polygenic and Multifactorial
Guanine’s base pairing partner
Cytosine
Law of Segregation
A parent’s chromosomes separate (via meiosis) so that only one allele for any given trait is present to be combined with the other parents’ alleles in the resulting zygote
Phenotype
The OBSERVABLE physical expression of an organism’s genotype
Complex Traits: Multifactorial
Derived from multiple proteins that impact phenotype AAAAAND environmental factors
Complementary base pairing
The pairing of the nitrogenous bases (GATC)
Mendelian Inheritance Laws
Mendel’s explanation for how traits are passed down; Do not account for environmental factors:
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Genotype
The complete set of an organism’s genes
Recessive Allele
Will always be masked if a dominant allele is present
Will be expressed if present with another recessive allele
Alleles
The different possible variations of a particular gene
Blood groups consist of 3 alleles: ABO
Chromosomes
Structures composed of DNA and proteins that are linked together
Complex Traits: Polygenic
Derived from multiple proteins that impact phenotype
DNA
an organism’s genetic information
Heredity
The transfer of traits from parents to offspring
Autosomes
the 22 pairs non sex chromosomes
Gametes
Human reproductive cells (egg and sperm); only have X or Y
Thymine’s base pairing partner
Adenine
Somatic Cells
The cells that have all 46 chromosomes (basically, all cells EXCEPT for sex cells, which only have X or Y chromosomes)
Law of Independent Assortment
The idea that inheritance of one trait does not attest the inheritance of other traits.
Explains variation
Cytosine’s base pairing partner
Guanine
Simple Traits
Traits that show discontinuous variation
