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Lab D, midterm 1 > Lab 6: examination of metabolic disorders > Flashcards

Lab 6: examination of metabolic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Average TP content of the plasma?

A

60-80g/l

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2
Q

methods of measuring TP?

A
  1. Lowry method
  2. ultra-sensitive TP method
  3. Biuret test
  4. Refractometry
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3
Q

list the protein fractions?

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulin
  • Fibrinogen
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4
Q

methods for testing albumin?

A
  1. measured using spectrometry

2. serum electrophoresis in combination with TP

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5
Q

causes of decreased albumin?

A
  • decreased intake, decreased absorption
    • maldigestion, malabsorption
  • decreases synthesis
    • liver failure
    • acute inflammation (negative acute phase proteins)
  • increased utilisation
    • physiological conditions caused by mild changes
    • pregnancy, work, exercise, production (egg,milk etc)
      and chronic disease
  • increased loss
    • via the kidneys (PLN)
    • via the GI (PLE)
    • skin (burns)
    • whole blood loss
    • sequestration into the body cavities
  • other
    • hyperhydration
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6
Q

causes for albumin increase?

A
  • Dehydration
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7
Q

methods for calculating globulins?

A
  1. roughly by the difference between albumin and TP

2. serum electrophoresis is used - TP concentration is needed

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8
Q

list the 5 classifications of globulins determined by electrophoresis?

A
  1. serum albumin
  2. Alpha-1- globulins
  3. Alpha-2- globulins
  4. Beta globulins
  5. Gamma globulins
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9
Q

what are the two most commonly used forms of electrophoresis?

A
  1. SDS page

2. isoelectric focusing (IEF)

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10
Q

what is the typical protein content in the plasma?

A

50% albumin
30% globulin
20% fibrinogen

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11
Q

what is the typical protein content in the serum?

A

60% albumin

40% globulins

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12
Q

what is polyclonal gammopathy?

A
  • B and Gamma globulins derived from different clones

- generally occurs during inflammatory processes

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13
Q

what is monoclonal gammopathy?

A
  • one protein fraction derived from one clone

- immune mediated or neoplastic conditions

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14
Q

describe what is seen and what can cause polyclonal gammopathy?

A
  • broad based peak on the B and or gamma region
  • causes include:
    • chronic inflammation
    • liver disease
    • FIP
    • occult heart worm disease
    • Erlichiosis
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15
Q

describe what is seen in monoclonal gammopathy?

A
  • sharp spike in the B or gamma regions
  • peak can be compared to the albumin peak
  • caused by both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders
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16
Q

what is a neoplasia causing monoclonal gammopathy?

A
  • multiple myeloma
17
Q

what is a non-neoplasic disorder causing monoclonal gammopathy?

A
  • they are rare
  • occult heartworm disease
  • FIPV
  • Erlichia canis
  • lymphoplasmacytic enteritis
  • lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis
18
Q

what are the causes of hypoglobulinaemia?

A
  • reduced intake
    • neonates before drinking colostrum
    • absorption disorders of neonates
  • decreases synthesis of globulins
    • acquired or inherited immunodeficiency
    • liver function impairment
  • increased loss
    • PLN
    • PLE
    • Via skin (burns, inflammation)
    • bleeding
19
Q

methods of fibrinogen measurement?

A
  1. difference between plasma and serum TP
  2. based on the heat liable character of fibrinogen
  3. the test for thrombin time
20
Q

causes of increased fibrinogen?

A
  • acute inflammation

- dehydration

21
Q

caused for decreased fibrinogen?

A
  • liver function impairment
  • advanced protein deficiency
  • DIC - overactive proteins - production of clots
  • sequestration after bleeding into body cavities
  • chronic bleeding
  • blood loss
  • inherited afibrinogenaemia (st Bernard dogs)
22
Q

methods of measuring glucose?

A
  • hand held glucometer

- GOD/POD enzymatic method

23
Q

explain why the glucose sample needs to be stored correctly?

A
  • plasma glucose is quickly catabolised by RBC enzymes
  • to prevent this:
    • store sample cooled until measurement is taken
    • separate blood and plasma quickly
    • coagulate RBCs
      - 3% trichloric acid
    • take blood samples in tubes containing NaF - inhibits
      enolase in RBCs
24
Q

causes for Hyperglycaemia?

A

transient increase:

  • Laboratory error (haemolysis, icterus etc)
  • increased intake
  • xylazin effect
  • acute stress (especially cats >20mmol/l)
  • after glucose infusion
  • cranial trauma or inflammation (rabies, Aujesky disease)

constant increase:

  • Diabets metitus
  • cushing’s or glucocorticoid therapy
  • progesterone effect (insulin resistance)
  • enterotoxaemia (sheep)
25
Q

causes of hypoglycaemia?

A
  • decreased energy status:
    • Ketosis
    • baby pig/puppy disease
    • starvation
    • strenuous exercise
  • laboratory error (improper storage)
  • anabolic steroid effect
  • insulinoma
  • insulin overdose (sometimes B blockers in heart insufficiency)
  • terminal liver failure
  • acute liver failure, glycogen deficiency
  • Addison’s
  • septicaemia
  • hyperthyroidism
  • paraneoplasic syndrome
26
Q

glucose tolerance tests?

A
  1. intravenous tolerance test
    • blood sampling every 15 minutes
    • blood glucose should be normal after 30-60 minutes
  2. oral glucose tolerance test (glucose absorption test)
    • blood glucose should be twice the normal value after
      30 minutes
    • blood glucose should return to normal after 120
      minutes
27
Q

when should we perform a glucose absorption test?

A

when we suspect:

  • chronic bowel disease
  • exocrine pancreatic deficiency
  • can be used instead of IV glucose tolerance test
28
Q

how do we test for acetone and acetoacetate?

A

by using the Ross reaction

- in the presence of ketones the test strip turns from white to purple

29
Q

ratios of ketones in the milk, plasma and urine?

A 
milk = 1mmol/l
plasma= 3-5 mmol/l
urine = 10mmol/l
30
Q

how can we use urea analysis?

A

to determine the energy status of dairy cows

- high urea concentration indicated decreased carbohydrate intake

31
Q

causes of hyperlipidaemia?

A
  • hyperlipidaemia of ponies
  • increased fat content of diet
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • hypothyroidism
  • Addison’s disease and glucocorticosteroid therapy
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • septicaemia
  • pancreatitis (lipase activation)
  • idiopathic - familiar hyperlipidaemia in minature
    schnauzers, beagles
32
Q

causes of hypolipodaemia?

A
  • decreased intake (starvation)
  • liver failure
  • malabsorption, maldigestion
33
Q

lipid absorption test?

A
  • to determine if there is existing malabsorption, maldigestion or where there is chronic bowel disease
  • test for plasma triglycerol levels (TG)
  • give corn oil per os
  • blood should be lipaemic and show a 2 fold increase in TG
  • if there is no such change the test should be repeated with pre-digested corn oil
  • increased TG and lipaemia we can suspect that the problem is pancreatic insufficiency
  • no change in TG and no lipaemia we can suspect interstitial absorption defect
34
Q

Average cholesterol?

A

2-6 mmol/l

35
Q

causes of hypocholesterolaemia?

A
  • malnutrition
  • liver failure (decreases synthesis)
  • neoplastic disease
  • hyperthyreosis (increased usage)
  • decreased apolipoprotein syntheis
36
Q

causes of hypercholesterolaemia?

A
  • increased dietary fat content
  • hypothyroidism
  • cushing’s disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • nephrotic syndrome (concurrent low TP)
  • cholestatic diseases (increased leakage from liver due to bile duct obstruction)
  • idiopathic - primary dyslipidosis

Lab D, midterm 1 (7 decks)

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