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Lab D, midterm 1 > Lab 4: evaluation of inflammation and WBCs > Flashcards

Lab 4: evaluation of inflammation and WBCs Flashcards

1
Q

list the methods of WBC counting?

A
  1. WBC counting using a burker chamber
  2. WBC counting using a haemotology analyser
  3. laser cell counters
    4 qualitative blood count
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2
Q

list the stains used for a qualitative blood count?

A
  1. May-Grunwald
  2. Romanowsky
  3. Giesma
  4. Diff - quick
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3
Q

physiologycal WBC count?

A

5.5-16 x10-9/l

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4
Q

list the WBC pools of the body?

A
  1. Circulating pool
    • we take our supply from here
  2. the bone marrow: the mitotic, maturating, and storage
    pools.
  3. the tissue pool
  4. the marginal pool
    • attached to the inside of the vessels
    • ready to be rapidly mobilised
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5
Q

what can cause physical leucocytosis?

A
  • due to chronic or acute stress
  • effect of glucocorticoids
  • effect of catecholamine’s
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6
Q

describe degenerative left shift?

A
  • low or normal WBC count and left shift (more young WBCs)
  • rate of utilisation is greater than the regenerative capacity of the bone marrow
  • cannot maintain WBC count
  • caused by severe widespread inflammation
  • needs immediate treatment
  • sign of a poor prognosis
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7
Q

describe regenerative left shift?

A
  • increased WBC count (many younger forms)
  • bone marrow is able to replenish utilised WBCs
  • most common cause of young WBCs
  • sign of good prognosis
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8
Q

describe the leukemoid reaction?

A
  • when there is a great stimulus for producing high numbers of neutrophils
  • neutrophil numbers in the peripheral blood rise due to the effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF
  • typical reaction for large abscesses and endometritis
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9
Q

what are toxic neutrophils?

A
  • when granulocyte production is not physiological some azurophilic granules can be seen in the basophilic cytoplasm
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10
Q

what are Dohle-bodies?

A

remnants of endoplasmic reticulums appearing in some neutrophils due to toxic effects

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11
Q

describe the right shift?

A
  • increased WBC count
  • increased proportion of segmented and hypersegmented forms of neutrophils (old neutrophils)
  • typical effect of glucocorticoids - stabilising effects on the neutrophil membranes
  • glucocorticoids inhibit cellular proliferation
  • can be an effect of cushing’s disease
  • can cause so called leucocytosis
  • common finding in macrocytosis in poodles
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12
Q

describe the haematology of Addisons disease?

A
  • increased WBC count
  • increased young neutrophils
  • left shift (no cell proliferation inhibition)
  • lymphocytosis and eosinophilia
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13
Q

name other tests to examine inflammatory process?

A
  • glutaric aldehyde test
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • CRP
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14
Q

describe the glutaric aldehyde test?

A
  • glutaric aldehyde soloution causes rapid coagulation of fibrinogen and labile globulins
  • so blood mixed with this solution can show coagulation within seconds
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15
Q

describe the ESR?

A
  • normally negatively charged albumin attaches to RBCs preventing them from aggregating
  • in the case of high globulin conc. in inflammation, the globulins attach to RBCs.
  • globulins have no negative charge so RBCs are able to form large aggregates and sediment rapidly
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16
Q

when should the ESR be checked?

A
  • normally every hour using the mm scale on the tube

- in horses every 20 minutes

17
Q

what is the physiological ESR?

A

0.5-3mm/hr

18
Q

how and when do we test for CRP?

A
  • using serum samples
  • using species specific ELISA tests
  • testing for CRP is essential for detecting inflammation in:
    • during chemotherapy
    • high dose glucocorticoid therapy
19
Q

the two types of heamopoetic tumours?

A
  1. Acute leukemic disease

2. chronic leukemic disease

20
Q

describe acute leukemic diseases?

A
  • typically blast cell tumours
  • have course pattern and no nucleoli
  • the origin of these cells can be evaluated by (immune) cytochemical, and bone marrow analysis
  • in some cases neoplastic cells do not appear in the peripheral blood
    - acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
    - acute myeloblastic, promyleoblastic leukaemia
    - acute erythroblastic leukaemia
    - Lymphoma of stage V
21
Q

describe chronic leukaemic diseases?

A
  • typically cells in these tumours are matured types
  • they appear in enormous numbers in the periphery
  • bone marrow evaluation is essential for diagnosis
    • chronic small lymphocytic leukaemia
    • chronic myeloid
    • chronic polycythaemia absolouta vera
    • essential thrombocytosis
22
Q

what are the viral infections causing chronic leukaemic disease?

A
  • bovine leukosis virus

- Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)

Lab D, midterm 1 (7 decks)

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