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Biology Lab II > Lab 5: Viridiplantae Diversity > Flashcards

Lab 5: Viridiplantae Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What group is most closely related to the first land plants?

A

Charophytes (green algae)

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2
Q

What were the four environmental aspects of living on land instead of in water that the first Basal plants needed to be able to adapt to?

A
  1. Variance in temperature
  2. Variance in moisture
  3. variance in gravitational force
  4. substrate that would thrive
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3
Q

How does the cuticle of a plant help it live on land?

A

helps reduce water loss

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4
Q

What are pores of a plant that open and close called?

A

stromata

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5
Q

What is the vascular tissue of a plant specialized for?

A

transporting water and nutrients and basic structural support

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6
Q

What are the two purposes of a plant root system?

A

anchor the plant and absorb minerals

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7
Q

List the following in order seed plants, flowering plants, and non-vascular plants from oldest to youngest

A

NV plants, seed plants, flowering plants

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8
Q

What is an embryophyte?

A

an embryo of a plant that is retained within and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients

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9
Q

What is the shared synapomorphy between charophytes and land plants?

A

chlorophyll b

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10
Q

In Bryophyta (mosses) what stage of the plant life cycle is dominant?

A

the gametophyte

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11
Q

Bryophyta gives rise to stationary sperm and mobile eggs. T or F?

A

F,

Bryophyta give rise to mobile sperm and stationary eggs

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12
Q

Why does most Bryophyta remain relatively small?

A

because they lack vascular tissue

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13
Q

What phylum do liverworts, hornworts and mosses belong to?

A

Bryophyta

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14
Q

If a sporophyte has an apical meristem what does that mean?

A

that new tissue is produced from the tip

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15
Q

The gametophyte generation of the phylum Bryophyta are characterized by a leafy _____ with a ______ and multicellular _________

A

thallus, cuticle, and rhizoids

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16
Q

What is the structure responsible for producing spores via meiosis located at the tip of a Bryophyta sporophyte?

A

Sporangia

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17
Q

What is the synapomorphy of Bryophyta?

A

the cuticle

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18
Q

What is the synapomorphy of the Lycophyta?

A

vascular tissue

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19
Q

Vascular tissue of the seedless vascular plants consists of a _______ and a ______ that transport water and food

A

xylem and phloem

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20
Q

The xylem of seedless plants is composed of vascular cells called __________

A

tracheids

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21
Q

Vascular plants do not have stomata. T or F?

A

F

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22
Q

Are the sperm of the seedless vascular plants mobile?

A

yes

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23
Q

What is the dominant generation in seedless vascular plants?

A

sporophyte

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24
Q

In the gametophyte independent or dependent of the sporophytes in vascular seedless plants?

A

independent

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25
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

A rhizome is an underground stem from which roots grow out of

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26
Q

Herbaceous means that a plant never developed wood. T or F?

A

T

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27
Q

What kind of leaves are specific to lycophyta?

A

microphylls

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28
Q

Is water necessary for fertilization in Lycophyta?

A

yes

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29
Q

What is the main difference between Lycophyta and Pterophyta?

A

their leaves

Lyco have micro and Ptero have mega

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30
Q

In Pterophyta (like horsetails) what is unique about the function of their leaves?

A

they are not photosynthetic

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31
Q

Where are the sporangia located in Pterophyta (like horsetails)?

A

At the top of the stalk in the strobili

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32
Q

Are the sporangia of horsetails hetero or homosporous?

A

homo

33
Q

On Pterophyta (like ferns) where are the spores produced?

A

in the sori

34
Q

What are the sori?

A

the rough under bumps of fern fronds

35
Q

All ferns are homosporous as well. T or F?

A

F, many are hetero

36
Q

List the dominate generation for all phylum of plants.

A

NV and green algae are gametophyte everything else is sporophyte

37
Q

What is the synapomorphy of gymnosperms?

A

seeds

38
Q

What is different about the spores in a gymnosperm?

A

spores remain on parent sporophyte, the gametophyte develops in the ovule (seed), and then the seed is dispersed and grows into an individual sporophyte

39
Q

All seed plants are heterosporous. T or F?

A

T

40
Q

What are megaspores?

A

spores that produce female gametophytes with eggs

41
Q

What are microspores?

A

spores that produce male gametophytes with sperm

42
Q

Where does the development of spores into the gametophyte occur within gymnosperms?

A

in the sporophyte

43
Q

What is pollen?

A

an immature male gametophyte

44
Q

What is the difference between Gymno and Angio sperms regarding the location of the seeds?

A

Gymno- seeds are naked

Angio- seeds are found in ovary

45
Q

In gymnosperms where does alternation of generations take place?

A

Within cones of the sporophyte

46
Q

What is a monoecious plant?

A

A plant that contains both male and female cones

47
Q

What is a dioecious plant?

A

A plant that has separate female and male plants

48
Q

The female ovuliferous cones, specialized reproductive structures called ______ contains _____________ where meiosis produces for ___________

A

ovules
megasporangium
megaspores

49
Q

How does a Coniferaphyta produce the female gametophyte with an egg?

A

via mitosis of one of the four megaspores

50
Q

How does the Coniferaphyta produce the male gametophyte with a sperm?

A

microsporangia undergo meiosis to produce microspores which undergo mitosis to produce the male gametophyte containing sperm

51
Q

What is the male gametophyte of Coniferaphyta?

A

the pollen grain

52
Q

What is the difference between the male and female cones?

A

female: catches pollen, larger, harder, and typically located at the top of the tree
male: releases pollen, smaller, softer, typically found at the end branches of the tree (more near bottom)

53
Q

What is the synapomorphy of angiosperms?

A

fruit, flowers, male sporangia in anther and 2x fertilization

54
Q

Male sporangia in angiosperms are located within the _________

A

anther

55
Q

Female reproductive structure is the ______ contained within the ________

A

ovary, carpal

56
Q

Inside the ovary are ________

A

ovules

57
Q

Where are the female megasporangia located?

A

Within its ovules

58
Q

How does the pollen get to the ovule?

A

via pollen tube (PLANT PENIS?!!!!!!)

59
Q

What ploidy is the endosperm nucleus?

A

tiploid

60
Q

What is the function of the endosperm?

A

essentially the “yolk” of the growing embryo (gives nutrients)

61
Q

What part of the plant are you consuming when eating an apple?

A

the ovary

62
Q

What are sepals?

A

the stem petals

63
Q

What are petals?

A

The part of the flower that is colorful (other than green usually)

64
Q

What is a squad of petals called?

A

corolla

65
Q

what is the male reproductive organ of a flower?

A

the stamen

66
Q

What is the female reproductive organ of a flower?

A

carpel

67
Q

What are the two parts of the stamen?

A

The anther (head) and the filament (shaft)

68
Q

Where are pollen grains produced?

A

anther

69
Q

Flowers only have one carpel. T or F?

A

F

70
Q

What is the terminal tip of the carpel?

A

the stigma

71
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

to catch pollen

72
Q

List the life cycle of charophytes starting with their dominant generation (include their ploidy and their mechanism towards the next step)

A

Gametophyte mc (N), mitosis, Gametes (n), fertilization, zygote (2n), meiosis, spore (n), mitosis, gametophyte (n)

73
Q

List the life cycle of a general plant starting with their dominant generation (include their ploidy and their mechanism towards the next step)

A

Sporophyte (2n)/ Sporangia (2n)/ Spore Mother Cell (2n), meiosis, 4 spores (n), mitosis, gametophyte (n), mitosis, gametes (n), fertilization, zygote (2n)/embryo(2n)/sporophyte

74
Q

How does the charophyte lifecycle differ from the life cycle of land plants?

A

no sporophyte

75
Q

Which phyla have gametophyte dominant life cycles?

A

Bryo

76
Q

How are spores produced? Is this the same for all plants?

A

via meiosis, yes

77
Q

How are gametes produced? Is this the same for all plants?

A

mitosis

78
Q

What are the two major differences between the life cycle of Angio and Bryo?

A
  1. Angio =sphoro, Bryo=gameto

2. Angio has 2x fertilization

Biology Lab II (9 decks)

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