Lab 5: Viridiplantae Diversity Flashcards
What group is most closely related to the first land plants?
Charophytes (green algae)
What were the four environmental aspects of living on land instead of in water that the first Basal plants needed to be able to adapt to?
- Variance in temperature
- Variance in moisture
- variance in gravitational force
- substrate that would thrive
How does the cuticle of a plant help it live on land?
helps reduce water loss
What are pores of a plant that open and close called?
stromata
What is the vascular tissue of a plant specialized for?
transporting water and nutrients and basic structural support
What are the two purposes of a plant root system?
anchor the plant and absorb minerals
List the following in order seed plants, flowering plants, and non-vascular plants from oldest to youngest
NV plants, seed plants, flowering plants
What is an embryophyte?
an embryo of a plant that is retained within and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients
What is the shared synapomorphy between charophytes and land plants?
chlorophyll b
In Bryophyta (mosses) what stage of the plant life cycle is dominant?
the gametophyte
Bryophyta gives rise to stationary sperm and mobile eggs. T or F?
F,
Bryophyta give rise to mobile sperm and stationary eggs
Why does most Bryophyta remain relatively small?
because they lack vascular tissue
What phylum do liverworts, hornworts and mosses belong to?
Bryophyta
If a sporophyte has an apical meristem what does that mean?
that new tissue is produced from the tip
The gametophyte generation of the phylum Bryophyta are characterized by a leafy _____ with a ______ and multicellular _________
thallus, cuticle, and rhizoids
What is the structure responsible for producing spores via meiosis located at the tip of a Bryophyta sporophyte?
Sporangia
What is the synapomorphy of Bryophyta?
the cuticle
What is the synapomorphy of the Lycophyta?
vascular tissue
Vascular tissue of the seedless vascular plants consists of a _______ and a ______ that transport water and food
xylem and phloem
The xylem of seedless plants is composed of vascular cells called __________
tracheids
Vascular plants do not have stomata. T or F?
F
Are the sperm of the seedless vascular plants mobile?
yes
What is the dominant generation in seedless vascular plants?
sporophyte
In the gametophyte independent or dependent of the sporophytes in vascular seedless plants?
independent
What is a rhizome?
A rhizome is an underground stem from which roots grow out of
Herbaceous means that a plant never developed wood. T or F?
T
What kind of leaves are specific to lycophyta?
microphylls
Is water necessary for fertilization in Lycophyta?
yes
What is the main difference between Lycophyta and Pterophyta?
their leaves
Lyco have micro and Ptero have mega
In Pterophyta (like horsetails) what is unique about the function of their leaves?
they are not photosynthetic
Where are the sporangia located in Pterophyta (like horsetails)?
At the top of the stalk in the strobili
Are the sporangia of horsetails hetero or homosporous?
homo
On Pterophyta (like ferns) where are the spores produced?
in the sori
What are the sori?
the rough under bumps of fern fronds
All ferns are homosporous as well. T or F?
F, many are hetero
List the dominate generation for all phylum of plants.
NV and green algae are gametophyte everything else is sporophyte
What is the synapomorphy of gymnosperms?
seeds
What is different about the spores in a gymnosperm?
spores remain on parent sporophyte, the gametophyte develops in the ovule (seed), and then the seed is dispersed and grows into an individual sporophyte
All seed plants are heterosporous. T or F?
T
What are megaspores?
spores that produce female gametophytes with eggs
What are microspores?
spores that produce male gametophytes with sperm
Where does the development of spores into the gametophyte occur within gymnosperms?
in the sporophyte
What is pollen?
an immature male gametophyte
What is the difference between Gymno and Angio sperms regarding the location of the seeds?
Gymno- seeds are naked
Angio- seeds are found in ovary
In gymnosperms where does alternation of generations take place?
Within cones of the sporophyte
What is a monoecious plant?
A plant that contains both male and female cones
What is a dioecious plant?
A plant that has separate female and male plants
The female ovuliferous cones, specialized reproductive structures called ______ contains _____________ where meiosis produces for ___________
ovules
megasporangium
megaspores
How does a Coniferaphyta produce the female gametophyte with an egg?
via mitosis of one of the four megaspores
How does the Coniferaphyta produce the male gametophyte with a sperm?
microsporangia undergo meiosis to produce microspores which undergo mitosis to produce the male gametophyte containing sperm
What is the male gametophyte of Coniferaphyta?
the pollen grain
What is the difference between the male and female cones?
female: catches pollen, larger, harder, and typically located at the top of the tree
male: releases pollen, smaller, softer, typically found at the end branches of the tree (more near bottom)
What is the synapomorphy of angiosperms?
fruit, flowers, male sporangia in anther and 2x fertilization
Male sporangia in angiosperms are located within the _________
anther
Female reproductive structure is the ______ contained within the ________
ovary, carpal
Inside the ovary are ________
ovules
Where are the female megasporangia located?
Within its ovules
How does the pollen get to the ovule?
via pollen tube (PLANT PENIS?!!!!!!)
What ploidy is the endosperm nucleus?
tiploid
What is the function of the endosperm?
essentially the “yolk” of the growing embryo (gives nutrients)
What part of the plant are you consuming when eating an apple?
the ovary
What are sepals?
the stem petals
What are petals?
The part of the flower that is colorful (other than green usually)
What is a squad of petals called?
corolla
what is the male reproductive organ of a flower?
the stamen
What is the female reproductive organ of a flower?
carpel
What are the two parts of the stamen?
The anther (head) and the filament (shaft)
Where are pollen grains produced?
anther
Flowers only have one carpel. T or F?
F
What is the terminal tip of the carpel?
the stigma
What is the function of the stigma?
to catch pollen
List the life cycle of charophytes starting with their dominant generation (include their ploidy and their mechanism towards the next step)
Gametophyte mc (N), mitosis, Gametes (n), fertilization, zygote (2n), meiosis, spore (n), mitosis, gametophyte (n)
List the life cycle of a general plant starting with their dominant generation (include their ploidy and their mechanism towards the next step)
Sporophyte (2n)/ Sporangia (2n)/ Spore Mother Cell (2n), meiosis, 4 spores (n), mitosis, gametophyte (n), mitosis, gametes (n), fertilization, zygote (2n)/embryo(2n)/sporophyte
How does the charophyte lifecycle differ from the life cycle of land plants?
no sporophyte
Which phyla have gametophyte dominant life cycles?
Bryo
How are spores produced? Is this the same for all plants?
via meiosis, yes
How are gametes produced? Is this the same for all plants?
mitosis
What are the two major differences between the life cycle of Angio and Bryo?
- Angio =sphoro, Bryo=gameto
2. Angio has 2x fertilization
