Lab 5 - The Appendicular Skeleton And The Skeletal Muscles Flashcards
What bones is the pectoral girdle composed of?
- Clavicle
2. Scapula
What does the pectoral girdle do?
Attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
What forms the pelvic girdle?
Coral bones that connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
Describe two visible differences between the male and female pelvis.
- The female pelvis has a larger angle in the pubic arch
2. The male pelvis has more pronounced crests due to musculature
Name the two way that joints can be classified.
- Structurally
2. Functionally
Name the three kinds of functional joints?
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
What does it mean for a joint to be synarthroses?
These are immovable joints. The bony edge comes together or interlock forming a strong joint that prevents movement
What does it mean for a joint to be aphiarthroses?
These joints are slightly moveable, a compromise between strength and mobility in the joint
What does it mean for a joint to be diarthrosis?
These are freely moving joints. to achieve this degree of mobility, a diarthrotic joint is significantly less stable that the two previous articulations
Name the three structural classifications for joints?
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilagenous joints
- Synovial joints
How can a fibrous joint be classified?
These are articulations that are held together by dense irregular connective tissue, they do NOT have a synovial cavity, and exhibit little or no movement.
What is the further classifications of a fibrous joint?
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Interosseous membranes
What is a fibrous joint suture?
These joints are only found in the skull, the articulating bones have a thin layer of connective tissue between them and are immovable.
What is it called when a suture fuses into a single unit?
Synostosis
What is syndesmosis?
These joints are further apart than in sutures and joined by ligaments made of dense irregular connective tissue.
Name some examples of syndesmosis.
The distal ends of the tibia and fibula are joined by a ligament that permits slight movements. So amphiarthroses.
What joint is seen between the roots of the teeth and their sockets in the mandible and maxillae?
Gomphosis.
What is interosseous membrane?
Long bones such as the radius and ulna of tibia and fibula are held together together along their length by a sheet of dense irregular connective tissue.
What kind of movement do interosseous membranes provide?
Little movement provided between the two bones aka. Amphiarthroses
Where are sutures found?
Connecting the skull bones
What is the functional classification?
Synarthroses
What is the amount of connective tissue?
A thing layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Where can synostosis be found?
This is the complete fusion of a suture joint, so connecting skull bones
What is the functional classification of synostosis?
Synarthroses
Where can syndesmosis joints be found? Name and example joint.
Bones are further apart then in a suture, this kind of joint can be found between then proximal end of the tibia and fibula connection.
What is the functional classification of the syndesmosis joint?
Amphiarthroses
What kind of connective tissue is seen in a syndesmosis and gomphosis?
Ligament
Name the articulating bones that gomphosis joints attach?
Alveolar process with the tooth
What is the functional classification of gomphosis joint?
Amphiarthrosis
Where can interosseous membranes be found? Name 2
- In between radius and ulna
2. In between tibia and fibula
What is the functional classification of interosseous membranes?
Amphiarthrosis
What is the connective tissue that can be found in interosseous membranes?
A substantial sheet
What unites cartilaginous joints?
These joints unite two structures with either hyaline cartilage of fibrocartilage
Name three examples of cartilaginous joints.
- Synchondroses
- Synostoses
- Symphysis
What is a synchondrosis joint? Name an example of where these joints can be found
This joint is tightly connected by hyaline, can be seen in the epiphyseal plate of a child’s long bone and between the costal cartilages of the 1st rib and the manubrium
What is the functional classification of synchondrosis joints?
They are classified as synarthroses because little to no movement takes place.
What happens to synchondroses joints as the patient gets older?
Most synchondroses will ossify into synostoses with age.
What is a symphysis? Name an example of a symphysis.
In these joints the ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, with a disc of fibrocartilage between them. An example of these joints is the pubic symphysis, between the bodies of the vertebrae, between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
What is the functional classification of the symphysis joint?
Amphiarthroses, slight movement
How are synovial joints characterized?
These joints are characterized by the fluid-filled space called a synovial cavity between articulating bones. The surfaces are usually covered with hyaline cartilage. Two layers of connective tissue enclose the cavity, an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
Diarthroses, in other words they are fully moveable
List three functions of synovial fluid.
- Reduces friction
- Shock absorption
- Nutrients and waste transportation for support of surrounding cartilage
Name the six synovial joints.
- Planar joints,
- Hinge joints
- Pivot joints
- Condyloid joints
- Saddle joint
- Ball and socket joints
Name the three axis that a joint can move on.
- Monoaxial/uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Triaxial/multiaxial
What does it mean for a joint to be monaxial?
These joints are limited to movements around on axis. This means the joint can only move one way.
What does it mean for a joint to be biaxial?
The joint can move around two axes at right angles to each other
What does it mean for a joint to be triaxial/multiaxial?
These joints are capable of movement around three axes.
What is the shape of articulating surfaces in a planar joint?
Flat or slightly curved bones
What is the axis of movement in a planar joint?
Biaxial
Name two examples of planar joints
- Acromion & clavicle
2. Carpal bones
What is the shape of articulating surfaces of a hinge joint?
One bone has a convex surface that fits into the concave surface of another bone
What is the axis of movement of a hinge joint?
Monaxial
Name two examples of a hinge joint.
- Humerus & ulna
2. Femur and tibia
What is the shape of the articulating surface of a pivot joint?
One bone rotates around its own axis,one is round while the other is attached around it by a ligament
What is the axis of movement of a pivot joint?
Monaxial
Name two joints that have a pivot joint.
- Altas and axis
2. Radius and ulna
What is the shape of articular surfaces of a condyloid bone?
Oval shaped depression on one bone with an oval shaped projection of the other bone
What is the axis of movement for a condyloid joint?
Biaxial
Name two examples of a condyloid joint.
- Metacarpals and phalanges
2. Radius and carpals
What is the shape of articular surfaces of a saddle joint?
Concave surface fits over convex surface of another, appears like a saddle, hence the name
What is the axis of movement for a saddle joint?
Biaxial
Name an example of the saddle joint.
Metacarpals of the thumb and its carpal
What is the shape of articular surfaces in a ball-in-socket joint?
One large round end of bone fits into a large hole of another bone
What is the axis of movement for a ball-in-socket joint?
Triaxial
What is 2 examples of a ball-in-socket joint?
- Humerus and scapula
2. Femur and acetabulum of pelvis
