Lab 4 - The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What is Adult bone composed of?
- Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
As a connective tissue, bone has an abundant ___________________ _________, primarily composed of calcium salts surrounding collagen fibers.
Extracellular Matrix
What is the Central (Haversian) Canal?
The part of the bone that contains the blood supply, lymphatic vessels, and nerves in the shaft of the bone
What is the lacunae?
The space that contains the osteocyte that are connected by canaliculi
What is an osteocyte?
Osteocyte is the mature bone cell formed when osteoblasts becomes embedded in the matrix that is secreted and the matrix hardens.
What is concentric lamellae?
Calcified matrix that surrounds the central canal containing blood vessels.
What are canaliculi?
Microscopic canals between lacunae, composed of ossified bone, they serve as the communication from osteocyte to osteocyte and are filled with ECF.
What are trabeculae?
Microscopic tissue of spongy bone with spaces filled with red bone marrow, this is where RBC develop
How do osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts work together to maintain the skeletal system?
Osteoblasts work to build up the bone by secreting the extra cellular matrix, collagen fibers. This matrix then hardens and becomes a mature osteocyte, making the bones strong and helping maintain the cell metabolism. Osteoclasts work to break down old bone tissue to make room for new osteoblasts to make more bone cells and tissue
What is the function of the osteocytes cytoplasmic extensions
Used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions
Name three areas in the skeleton that spongy bone can be found?
- Ends of long bones
- Inside flat bones
- Inside vertebrae
Where do the osteocytes of spongy bone obtain their nutrients and oxygen since there is no central canal?
Nutrients and oxygen are obtained through the trabeculae through their cytoplasmic extensions and canaliculi.
How does the structure and function of red bone marrow differ from yellow bone marrow?
Red one marrow is found mainly in flat bones and is used for production of RBCs, whereas yellow bone marrow is composed of mainly adipose connective tissue and produces fat, cartilage, and bone
Name at least four adult bones that contain red bone marrow?
- Sternum
- Femur
- Tibia
- Humerus
- Scapula
- Vertebrae
What is the epiphysis?
The end of long bone.
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft or the central part of long bone
What is the periosteum?
The tough outer membrane covering the bone but not cartilage
What is the endosteum?
Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony cavity that forms the medullary cavity of long bones
What is the medullary cavity?
The central cavity of the diaphysis where red and yellow bone marrow is stored
What is the epiphyseal line or plate?
Hyaline cartilage plate in metaphysics in lone bone - where growth of long bones occurs in children
Name four functions of the skeletal system?
- Support
- Protection
- Attachment site for muscles making movement possible
- Storage of calcium and phosphate - minerals
- Blood cell production in red bone marrow
- Energy storage in yellow bone marrow
Name the two sections the skeleton is arranged into
- Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of? 5
- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Hyoid bone
What does the appendicular Skeleton consist of?
- Pectoral girdle
- Pelvic girdle
- Upper limbs
- Lower limbs
What is a foramen?
An opening, hole, or passageway for something such as blood vessels
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression of hollow
What is a meatus?
Passage or opening leading to the interior
What is a process?
Projections from a larger body
What is a condyle?
A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone and or joints
What is a crest?
A ridge of a bone
What is a facet?
Joints where two or more bones are joined
What is a head in terms of surface markings?
A large projections from a bone, like the head of the humerus
Name the two subdivisions of the skull bones.
- Cranial bones
2. Facial bones
How many bones form the walls and orbit of the cranial cavity?
8 cranial bones form the walls and orbit of the cranial cavity
Name the eight bones?
- Frontal bone
- Parietal (2)
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Temporal (2)
- Occipital.
How many bones make up the orbit and sinuses?
14
Name 8 of the bones
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Vomer
- Palatine
- Zygomatic
- Lacrimal
- Nasal
- Inferior nasal concha
Name a surface marking on the frontal bone and what is its function?
Supraorbital Foramen - allows passage of blood vessels and nerves
Name 4 surface markings of the ethmoid bone
- Cristina Galli
- Cribriform plate
- Perpendicular plate
- Olfactory foramina
What does the crista galli do?
It projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. The olfactory bulbs lie on either side of the crista galli
Also an attachment point for the meninges that enclose the brain
What is the function of the cribriform plate?
Form part of the nasal septum and the roof of the nasal cavity, lies on either side of the crista galli
What is the function of the perpendicular plate?
Is the first portion of the ethmoid bone, it has a thin median plate of bone that forms the superior part of the nasal septum
What is the olfactory foramina?
A hole to allow passage of the olfactory nerve
Name two surface markings of the occipital bone?
- Occipital condyle
2. Foramen magnum
What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?
All for passage of the spinal cord down through the vertebrae
What is the function of the occipital condyle?
The occipital condyle articulate with the altas vertebrae and allow for the up and down or “yes” movement of the head
What is the optic foramen of the sphenoid bone?
The hole were the eyes are located
What is the function of the mandibular fossa?
The depression of the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible
What is the function for the styoid process?
Slender pointed bone just below the ear, it serves as an attachment point for many muscles associated with the tongue and larynx
What is the function of the mastoid process?
Located behind the ear canal and lateral to the styoid process, this process serves as an attachment point for muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid.
What is the function of the external auditory meatus?
Aka the ear canal
Name the surface marking on the mandible. Name is function.
Condylar process connects with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Name two surface markings of the maxilla.
- Infraorbital foramen
2. Palatine process
What is the function of the infraorbital foramen?
A hole for blood vessels and nerves
What is the function of the palatine process
Makes the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity
What does the zygomatic bone connect with to make what facial feature?
Connects wit the temporal bone to make the cheek bones
What is the palatine bone?
Forms the rest of the hard palate, part of the wall of the nasal cavity, and part of the floor of the orbit. This bone separates nasal air passage from buccal
What is the function of the vomer bone?
This bone forms the inferior half of the nasal septum, the vomer and perpendicular plate support a wall of septal cartilage that forms most of the anterior part of the nasal septum
What is the function of the inferior nasal concha?
These are three conchae in the nasal cavity and form part of the nasal septum
What is the function of the nasal bone?
To protect the interior nasal bones forming the nasal septum
What is the function of the lacrimal bone?
Makes up the nasal septum and part of the orbit
List the bones that make up the bony wall of the orbits. (6)
- Sphenoid
- Frontal
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic
- Palatine
- Ethmoid
Which cranial and facial bone is unpaired?
Hyoid bone
Name the bones that make up the hard palate.
Maxilla and palatine
List the bones that make up the nasal septum
Vomer, palatine, sphenoid, ethmoid
Which bones make up the zygomatic arch?
- temporal bone
2. Zygomatic bone
What is the primary function of the cranial bones?
Protect the delicate organs inside the skull.
What is the primary functions of the facial bones?
Protect the delicate organs beneath and allow for movement such as the mandible
List three bones in the skull involved in articulations.
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Temporal
- Occipital
What is a suture?
An immovable joint found only in the skull
Name the four sutures in the skull
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
What bones does the coronal suture hold together?
Frontal bone and then parietal bones
What bones does the sagittal suture articulate with?
The two parietal bones
What bones does the lambdoid suture articulate with?
The occipital and parietal bones
What bones does the squamous suture articulate?
Temporal bone and parietal bones
What is a fontanel?
Soft spots on babies
Name the four fontanels
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Anterolateral
- Posterolateral
Where is the anterior fontanel, which bones is it between?
Is lies in between the parietal and frontal bones on the anterior of the skull
Where can the posterior fontanel be found and what bones is it connecting?
It lies posteriorly between the parietal and occipital bones
Where can the anterolateral fontanel be found and what bones is in between?
It lies as the name implies anteriorly and laterally connecting between the temporal, parietal and frontal bone
Where can the posterolateral fontanel be found and what bones is it in between?
As the name indicates is can be found posteriorly and laterally between the temporal, occipital and parietal bones.
Name the four bones making up the paranasal sinuses.
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Maxillary
Give two functions of the paranasal sinuses.
- Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face.
- Increasing resonance of the voice.
- Providing a buffer against facial trauma.
- Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
- Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region.
Which bone does not articulate with any other bones, but is suspended from the styloid process of the temporal bone by muscles and ligaments
Hyoid bone
What important muscle is attached to the hyoid?
Good questions
How many bones can be found in the middle ear?
3
What are the names of the 3 ossicles?
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (Stirrup)
What is the function of the vertebral column?
- Supports the head
- Protects the spinal cord
- Provides attachment points for back and abdominal muscles
What is an intervertebral disc?
They are discs that can be found between the vertebrae from the cervical region to the sacrum, they are made of fibrocartilage that cushion and absorb vertebral shocks
What is the intervertebral foramen? What is its function?
Is a hole made when you have two adjacent vertebrae stacked on top of each other. This allows spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column through the foramen
Name the five different areas of the spine.
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccyx
How many vertebra does each region of the spine have?
- Cervical - 7
- Thoracic - 12
- Lumbar - 5
- Sacral - 5 fused
What is the body of the vertebra and its functions?
The body of the vertebrae is the big part that holds all the weight and can be seen anteriorly on a vertebrae
What is the vertebral foramen for?
Is it as the name implies a hole that allows for passage of the spinal cord
What is the transverse process and what is its function?
The transverse process protrudes from the sides of the vertebrae providing attachment points for muscles
What is the spinous process and what is its function?
The spinous process is the protrusion straight behind the body that lies posteriorly. It also allows serves as a muscle attachment site
What is the function of the superior articular process and how can it be identified?
Are projections of the vertebrae that serve the purpose of fitting with adjacent vertebra. The superior articular process fits with the inferior articular facet of the adjacent vertebrae
Name the two cervical vertebrae that highly specialized.
C1 atlas
C2 Axis
What differentiates the atlas from the other cervical vertebrae? What movements does it perform?
The altas has very large superior articular facets that articulate with the occipital condyles. It also lacks a spinous process and a body. The articulation with the occipital bone allows for the “yes” movement of the head
How can you differentiate the axis from other vertebrae? What movement does the axis allow for?
The axis has a peg-like process projecting superiorly from the body called a dens, this allows for the “no” movement of the head
Name two features that make the cervical spine identifiable?
- The tips of the spinous process are bifid
2. The transverse process have transverse foramen (to allow for the passage of arteries)
How can the thoracic spine be differentiated from other vertebrae?
By the facets for rib articulations, the body has two small articulating surfaces on each side that articulate with the head of the rib
How can the lumbar vertebra be differentiated?
They have the largest body and the short, thick processes for attachment to large back muscles
What is the sacrum?
Is formed by five fused vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic girdle at the sacroiliac joints
What continues through the sacrum from the vertebrae?
The vertebral canal formed by the vertebral foramen continues through the sacrum as the sacral canal and terminates at the sacral hiatus just above the coccyx
What bones form the thoracic cage? 3
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Coastal cartilages
Name the three parts of the sternum.
- Body
- Xiphoid process
- Manubrium
At what age does the xiphoid process usually fuse to the body?
25
Name the three kinds of ribs and how many ribs are in each?
- True ribs - 7
- False Ribs - 5
- Floating ribs - 2
How can you tell whether true rib or false rib?
True ribs attach directly to the sternum
What part of the rib articulates with the sternum?
The head
What tissue forms the costal cartilages?
Hyaline Cartilage
