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Lab D > Lab 5 RBC > Flashcards

Lab 5 RBC Flashcards

1
Q

What will happen when there is a problem with RBCs?

A

Tissue hypoxia

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2
Q

What are the most important parameters for detecting pathological processes?

A

RBC count

Haemoglobin concentration/function

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3
Q

How can Hgb be measured?

A

Drabkin method (Spectrophotometry)
Potassium ferricyanide added to whole blood
RBCs hemolyzed, Fe3+ is formed from Fe2+
Cyanmethemoglobin is the orange coloured end product, measired at 540 nm

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4
Q

What is normal Hgb content in the blood?

A

18-20 mmol/l or 120-180 g/l

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5
Q

In case of intravascular hemolysis, what change in Hgb conc is expected?

A

No change

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6
Q

Upward shift in oxygen dissociation curve

A 
Oxygen binding capacity increased by:
hypothermia
low 2-3 DPG conc (stimulates O2 release)
alkalosis
CO (cherry colour)
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7
Q

Downward shift in oxygen dissociation curve

A 
Oxygen binding capacity decreased by:
decreased affinity
hyperthermia
high 2-3 DPG conc
acidosis
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8
Q

2,3-DPG

A

Diphosphoglycerate
Prod by RBC during glycolysis
Promotes release of O2, binds to deoxygenated Hgb near respiring tissue to ensure tissues that need O2 get it

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9
Q

SAT %

A

Oxygen saturation
The percentage of oxygenated Hgb molecules compared to the whole amount of Hgb molecules in one unit of blood
Arterial: 95-99%
Venous: 80-90%

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10
Q

Methemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin containing Fe3+ (ferric) oxidized form
Cannot take up oxygen
Reduced back to Hgb by methemoglobin-reductase enzyme

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11
Q

What can cause severe oxidative damage to RBCs?

A

Nitrites, free radicals, paracetamol, onion

Leads to methemoglobinaemia

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12
Q

What are some symptoms of methemoglobinaemia?

A

Dark brown colour of blood

Deeply cyanotic mucous membranes

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13
Q

Who has Hgb that are most sensitive to oxidative damage?

A

Cats and newborns of any species

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14
Q

How can you treat severe methemoglobinaemia?

A

Blood transfusions and antioxidants

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15
Q

How can we give a rough estimation of Hgb?

A

Suspecting normal mean Hgb conc of RBC (MCHC)

PCV / 3 x 1000 = Hgb g/l

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16
Q

Give some causes of increased Hgb concentration

A

relative polycythaemia: dehydration

absolute polycythaemia: RBC leukemia, high altitude, greyhound, llama

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17
Q

Give some causes of decreased Hgb concentration

A

relative oligocythaemia: hyperhydration

absolute oligocythaemia: anaemia

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18
Q

What species have Hgb conc affected by age?

A

Swine

Younger have lower Hgb conc than older swine

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19
Q

Give some reasons for intravascular hemolysis

A

DIC
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Mechanical stress

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20
Q

Give some reasons for extravascular hemolysis

A

Hypersplenism

Inherited: sickle cell anemia, spherocytosis

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21
Q

Give methods to measure RBC count

A

Bürker chamber (lol)
Estimation
Automatic cell counter

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22
Q

What sample is used for Bürker chamber and what dilution?

A

EDTA whole blood

200x dilution

23
Q

How is RBC count estimated?

A

If we suspect a normal average RBC volume (MCV)

Ht / 5 x 100 = RBC count x 10^12/l

24
Q

RBC count by automatic cell counter

A

Size dependent: electric impedance
40-100 fl
histogram is provided from the results

25
Q

What can we expect to see on the ACC histogram during immunohemolytic anaemia?

A

RBCs form aggregates, they are not counted

26
Q

Normal RBC count

A

4.5-8 x 10^12/l (teraliter)

27
Q

Histogram expected during non-regenerative anemia

A

Low RBC count

narrow RDW

28
Q

Histogram expected during regenerative anemia

A

Low RBC count

BUT wide RDW and larger cells (reticulocytes)

29
Q

Histogram expected during microcytic anemia

A

Low RBC count

“left shift” small cells

30
Q

Histogram expected during macrocytic anemia

A

Low RBC count

“right shift” larger cells

31
Q

MCH

A 
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Average Hgb content of RBCs
HGB/RBC count
Normal: 20 pg PER CELL (but young can be higher)
Hypo/hyperchromasia
32
Q

MCV

A 
Mean corpuscular volume
Indicates average size of RBCs
PCV/RBC count
Normal: 60-70 fl
Micro/macrocythaemia
33
Q

What species and ages do you see differences in size of RBCs?

A 
Fe/Eq smaller RBCs
Young RBCs are bigger
Newborns have bigger RBCs
Akita inu: small RBCs
Poodle: large RBCs
34
Q

Causes of microcytosis

A

Chronic blood loss
Fe, Cu, B6 deficiency
Portosystemic shunt

35
Q

Causes of macrocytosis

A

Polycythaemia absoluta vera

B12, Cobalt, folic acid deficiency

36
Q

MCHC

A

Gives a ratio: sees if the RBCs are large or small too
MCH/MCV
Normal: 300-350 g/l
Hypo/hyperchromic

37
Q

Decreased MCHC

A

Hypochromasia
Newborns
Regenerative anaemias
Iron deficiency anaemias (also Cu/B6)

38
Q

Increased MCHC

A 
Hyperchromasia
Acute erythroleukemia (polycythaemia vera)
B12, folic acid and cobalt deficiency
Immunohemolytic anaemia (spherocytosis)
Lead poisoning
Splenectomy
39
Q

What changes in derived parameters are seen during regenerative anaemias?

A

Increased MCV, decreased MCHC

Macrocytosis, hypochromic (inc reticulocytes)

40
Q

What changes in derived parameters are seen during non-regenerative anaemias?

A

Normocytic, normochromic

Normal or decreased MCH

41
Q

What changes in derived parameters are seen during non-Fe/Cu/B6 deficiency anaemias, liver failure or portosystemic shunt?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic

Decreased Hgb synthesis

42
Q

What is pyridoxine needed for in blood production?

A

Porphyrine production (Hgb)

43
Q

What is copper needed for in blood production

A

Iron oxidation (ceruloplasmin)

44
Q

What changes in derived parameters are seen in Akita inus?

A

Microcytic normochromic

45
Q

What changes in derived parameters are seen during

FeLV infection, B12, Co, Folic acid deficiency, erythroleukemia and poodle macrocytosis?

A

Macrocytic normochromic

46
Q

RDW

A

Red cell Distribution Width
Range of average size of RBCs
Derived from the histogram at 20% of the peak
High RDW = high variation in size (positive)
Short = non-regenerative process

47
Q

PDW

A

Platelet Distribution Width

48
Q

How can you differentiate RBCs from reticulocytes in a blood smear?

A

Basophil punctuates stained by brylliant-cresil blue stain
The punctuates are rRNA remnants
Large punctuates: young reticulocyte

49
Q

Species differences reticulocytes

A

Cats: punctuated form more common (older)

Eq/Ru: no reticulocytes are found in blood, only in bone marrow

50
Q

What are nucleated RBCs called?

A

Normoblast

Cannot carry blood

51
Q

Can reticulocytes perform the same tasks as RBCs?

A

Yes, they can carry oxygen

52
Q

What blood sample and what stain is used for reticulocyte count?

A

EDTA fresh whole blood
Brylliant-cresil stain
The cells have to be alive: 2-3 hrs needed in room temp for the reticulocytes to take up the stain

53
Q

When and why should the reticulocyte count/percentage be corrected?

A

When the animal is sick
Correlated to the RBC count or the PCV

Because mature RBCs are more sensitive to damage than young RBCs and reticulocytes

Lab D (8 decks)

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