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Lab D > Lab 3 WBC > Flashcards

Lab 3 WBC Flashcards

1
Q

5 different factors causing infections

A 
Parasitic
Bacterial (septic)
Rickettsial
Fungal
Viral
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2
Q

5 different factors causing inflammation

A

Infection
Endotoxin mediated (LPS, gram +)
Sterile necrosis (pancreatitis, tumor, trauma)
Chemical (inj, toxins, acids, alkalines)
Immune mediated (lupus)

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3
Q

Lab examinations to evalyate severity, locality and ethiology of inflammation

A 
Hematology:
CBC
ESR
Cytology
Serum biochemistry
Microbiology
Parasitology
Immunology
Molecular biology
Morphological pathology, histology
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4
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

amount of each cell and hemoglobin

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5
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate
amount of plasma on top of AC blood after 1 hr
Higher amount of protein (CRP) makes the RBC sediment quicker

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6
Q

Serum biochemistry, 2 categories

A 
Routine parameters (substrates, enzymes)
Acute phase proteins
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7
Q

What blood coagulants are used for WBC counting in MAMMALS and how do they work

A

Na2EDTA
K2EDTA
NaCitrate
Chelates Calcium

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8
Q

What blood coagulants are used for bird, fish and reptile samples?

A

Calcium or Lithium heparin

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9
Q

What two machines are used to count WBCs

A

Bürker chamber

Hematology analyser

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10
Q

WBC counting using Bürker chamber

A 
Hagedorn pipette
Whole blood
Türk solution
25 large squares
Divide by 10
N = 10^9/l
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11
Q

What is Türk solution

A

Hemological stain
Crystal violet or liquid methylene blue in acetic acid

Hemolyses erythrocytes and membrane of all cells, but stains the nuclei of WBC, making them well visible and easy to count

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12
Q

WBC counting by hematology analyser, 4 different ways

A
  1. Light absorbancy of different cell layers (more accurate)
  2. Laser technique (scattering)
  3. Reagents to measure peroxidase activity of the phagocytic cells
  4. Flow cytometric method
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13
Q

Which hematology analyser type is the most accurate

A

Laser method

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14
Q

How do automatic cell counters work?

A

They make a distribution according to the impedance of a particle entering between two electrodes
First they dilute the sample, then hemolyse the RBC.
They differentiate between the sizes of the particles. Reagents are used to shrink the lymphocytes and increase the size of neutrophils and macrophages

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15
Q

What dilutions are used by hematology analysers?

A

WBC 10x

RBC: 200x

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16
Q

Laser cell counters

A

Laser light through cells: millions of scatters are detected by two light detectors:
1. Low angular/forward: size
2. High angular/side: inner structure
Quantity of light energy (lux)

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17
Q

Neutrophil granulocyte cell line

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte (jugend)
Band forms (stab)
Segmented forms
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18
Q

Neutrophil function and %

A

First cells to reach site of injury, lines endothel
Phagocytic function
Segmented form: 60-77%, 3-11.8 x 10^9

19
Q

Lymphoid cell line

A

Lymphoblast
Small lymphocyte
Middle sized lymphocyte
Reactive T lymphocyte

20
Q

Lymphocyte function and %

A

Humoral immune system, resides in lymph tissues, B-cells produce antibodies
12-30%, 1-4,8 x 10^9

21
Q

Eosinophil cell line

A 
Young form (band nucleated)
Segmented form
22
Q

Eosinophil function and %

A

Granules with toxins to kill pathogens, parasites and worms, play a role in allergy
2-10%, 0.1-1.35 x 10^9

23
Q

Basophil cell line

A 
Young form (band nucleated)
Segmented form
24
Q

Basophil function and %

A

Anticoagulants, antibodies, Histamine producing
Dilates blood vessels
<1%

25
Q

Monocyte cell line

A

Monocytic (young) form

Reactive macrophage

26
Q

Monocyte function and %

A

Phagocytosis of all dead cells

1-5%, 0.1-0.5 x 10^9

27
Q

WBC pools in the body

A

Bone marrow: mitotic, maturation, storage
Blood vessel: marginal pool (high mobilisation)
Tissue pool

28
Q

Physiological leukocytosis

A

Acute/chronic stress (EP, NE, GC)

29
Q

Acute inflammation

First lab sign

A

Increase in positive acute phase proteins

Decrease negative acute phase proteins

30
Q

Neutropenia

A

Migrating factors produced by tissue cells: macrophages. Neutrophils migrate from blood to site of inflammation, which leads to a total decrease or WBC count

31
Q

Neutrophilia

A

G-CSF and GM-CSF increases WBC production in the bone marrow. The factors are produced by macrophages

32
Q

Left shift

A

Many young WBCs

Metamyelocytes (jugend) and band (stab) forms

33
Q

Where are WBCs mobilized from (in what order)

A
  1. Marginal (blood vessels, inner surface)
  2. Maturation (bone marrow, under differentiation)
  3. Mitotic (bm, very young c lols, proliferating)
34
Q

Regenerative left shift, prognosis

A

Inc WBC count, neutrophilia, left shift
Bone marrow regenerates new cells
Favorable prognosis

35
Q

Degenerative left shift, prognosis

A

Low or normal WBC count, neutrophils immature (Neutropenia)
Bone marrow cannot keep up
Severe bacterial inflammation
Poor prognosis

36
Q

Leukemoid reaction

A

Due to increased G-CSF and GM-CSF, the WBC count can be very high (>70) in peripheral blood
Typical: big abscesses, endometritis (pyometra)
Blood smear: can be confused with chronic myelogenous leukemia

37
Q

Toxic neutrophils

A

Granulocytopoiesis disturbed in severe inflammatory reactions
Azurophilic granules produced in basophilic cytoplasm

38
Q

Döhle-bodies

A

Angular basophilic inclusion bodies in neutrophil granulocytes (remnants of ER)

39
Q

Right shift

A

Many segmented and hypersegmented neutrophils (old)

Reduced amount of young, newly produced

40
Q

Name three acute phase proteins (APP)

A

CRP
Fibrinogen
Haptoglobin

41
Q

What species are lymphophilic?

A

Swine, sheep, poultry

42
Q

What species are neutrophilic?

A

Dog, cat, horse

43
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of the body’s blood forming tissues

Lymph system, bone marrow etc

44
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative APP?

A

Positive: plasma conc increases during infl
Negative: plasma conc decreases during infl

Lab D (8 decks)

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