Lab 5 Flashcards
Respiratory rate (resting state) Horse
10-15/min
Respiratory rate (resting state) Cattle
10-30/min
Respiratory rate (resting state) Small ruminants
15-30/min
Respiratory rate (resting state) Swine
12-20/min
Respiratory rate (resting state) Adult dog New-born dog
Adult 15-30/min
New-born 30-40/min
Respiratory rate (resting state)
Adult cat
New-born cat
Adult 20-30/min
New-born 35-45/min
Respiratory rate (resting state) Rabbit
50-60/min
Respiratory rate (resting state) Poultry
10-40/min
Atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg (101.3 kPa)
Pressure values during inspiration and expiration
Alveolar pressure
- inspiration
- expiration
inspiration: 757 mmHg (100.7 kPa)
expiration: 763 mmHg (101.5 kPa)
Pressure values during inspiration and expiration
Intrapleural pressure
- inspiration
- expiration
Inspiration: 752mmHg (100.0 kPa)
Expiration: 757mmHg (100.7 kPa)
Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract
Inspired air
- O2
- CO2
O2: 158 mmHg
CO2: 0.3 mmHg
Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract
Alveolar air
- O2
- CO2
O2: 100 mmHg
CO2: 40 mmHg
Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract
Pulmonary vein (arterial blood)
- O2
- CO2
O2: 95 mmHg
CO2: 40 mmHg
Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract
Pulmonary artery (venous blood)
- O2
- CO2
O2: 40 mmHg
CO2: 46 mmHg
Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract
Expired air
- O2
- CO2
O2: 116 mmHg
CO2: 32 mmHg
Partial pressure of gases in the respiratory tract
Cells
- O2
- CO2
O2: 24 mmHg
CO2: 50 mmHg
Characteristics of hemoglobin
Oxygen binding capacity
4mmol O2/ mmol Hb
Characteristics of hemoglobin
Iron content
4mmol Fe / mmol Hb
Maximal oxygen saturation of 1 liter blood
Arteries
- at 120 g/l Hb content
- at 150 g/l Hb content
At 120 g/l Hb content: 0.16 liter
At 150 g/l Hb content: 0.20 liter
Maximal oxygen saturation of 1 liter blood
Veins
- at 120 g/l Hb content
- at 150 g/l Hb content
At 120 g/l Hb content: 0.12 liter
At 150 g/l Hb content: 0.15 liter
Maximal oxygen saturation of 1 liter blood
Arterio-venosus O2 differency
- at 120 g/l Hb content
- at 150 g/l Hb content
At 120 g/l Hb content: 0.04 liter
At 150 g/l Hb content: 0.05 liter
Pressure values in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
60 mmHg
Pressure values in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Oncotic pressure in the glomerulus
30 mmHg
Pressure values in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Pressure in a Bowman’s capsule
20mmHg
Pressure values in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Effective filtration pressure
10 mmHg
The volume and density of urine
Average daily volume
20-50 ml/bwt
The volume and density of urine
Range of density
1015-1045 g/dm3
Clearance values in humans
Para-amino hippuric acid
600 ml/min
Clearance values in humans
Inulin
120 ml/min
Clearance values in humans
Urea
80 ml/min
Clearance values in humans
Glucose
0 ml/min
Define dead space
The portion of each tidal volume that doesn’t take part in gas exchange
Define dynamic lung volume
Lung volume depends on the flow rate at which air can be exhaled
Define vital capacity
The maximal volume expelled after maximal inspiration (VS=ERV+IRV+VT)
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after normal inspiration
Define expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forcibly expired after normal expiration
Define tidal volume
The amount of air exhaled or inhaled during a respiratory cycle
Define expiration capacity
The maximal volume expired from resting inspiratory level (EC=VT+ERT)
Define residual volume
The amount of air remaining in lung after maximal expiration (RV=VC x 0.25)
Define inspiratory capacity
The maximal volume inspired from resting expiratory level (IC=VT+IRV)
Define functional residual capacity
The air volume that remain in the lung at resting expiratory level (FCR=ERV+RV)
Define total lung capacity
The air volume in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration (TLC=VC+RV)
Define minimal volume
Achieved when lung collapse. Fraction get into interstices by diffusion at first breath
What can be measured with pneumatometer?
Respiratory pressure
Tiffeneau index formula?
TI(%) = (FEV1 / VC) x 100
How to perform the Müller maneuver
Forced inspiration after normal expiration with closed glottis
How to perform the Valsalva maneuver
Take deep breath and perform forced expiration with closed glottis
Where is the chemoreceptors that can sense the CO2 partial pressure in the blood situated?
At the bottom of the fourth cerebral ventricle
What happens with the heart rate during inspiration? Explain
During inspiration the heart rate is higher than during expiration. Because DRG nuclei inhibits the vagal nuclei during inspiration
What is meant by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)?
Changes in heart rate in connection with respiration
Formula for the total lung capacity
TLC = VC + RV
Donder’s model
Glass bell, rubber sheet, two rubber balloons and cannula connected to a manometer
Hyperpnoea
The deep and frequent respiration that occurs normally after exercising
Effect of Hypocapnia
If it provides more air than required, can cause dizziness. Hyperventilating
