Lab 5/6: Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the difference between a normal, emphysema, and tuberculosis lung?

Answer 1

Normal: Alveoli look like pink circles around an open space
Emphysema: Alveoli are very large (very bad because no gas exchange)
TB: Alveoli look like a mess, snarly
-caused by bacteria that are very good at avoiding the immune system by encapsulating itself and becoming dormant. Once the immune system calms down it reemerges

Question 2

What is the notable histology of the trachea?

Answer 2

Lumen, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (first layer of cells, pink, ++ nuclei @ different levels) and hyaline cartilage (purple w/, white circles)

Question 3

What are the lymphatic system structures?

Answer 3

Pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels

Question 4

What are the respiratory structures above the hyoid bone?

Answer 4

External nares, nasal cavity, nasal conchae, nasopharynx (space), eustachian tube, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, oral cavity, oropharynx (space), palatine tonsils, laryngopharynx,

Question 5

What are the respiratory structures below the hyoid bone and above the bronchial tree?

Answer 5

Larynx, epiglottis, glottis (hole), vocal cords (fold), vestibular fold (shelf next to fold), thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages (posterior), trachea, tracheal cartilages,

Question 6

What are the structures of and around the bronchial tree?

Answer 6

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchus, alveolar sac, alveolus, diaphragm, and left/right lungs

Question 7

What is tidal volume?

Answer 7

(TV) The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort (sitting normally)

Question 8

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 8

(IRV) The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration

Question 9

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 9

(ERV) The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

Question 10

What is the vital capacity?

Answer 10

(VC) The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Question 11

What is the residual volume?

Answer 11

(RV) The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied)

Question 12

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 12

(TLC) TLC= VC+RV

Question 13

What is Minute ventilation?

Answer 13

The volume of air breathed in one minute
MV = TV * breaths/min

Question 14

What is ventilation?

Answer 14

The process of breathing

Question 15

What happened to the average minute volume after the person held their breath?

Answer 15

it increased by 5.1%

Question 16

What happened to the average minute volume after the person exercised?

Answer 16

It increased by 72.2 percent