Lab 5 Flashcards
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Movement of air in and out of lungs
Define external respiration.
O2 and CO2 exchange in lungs
What is gas transport?
Blood is just being transported (between lungs and tissues), no exchange
What occurs during internal respiration?
O2 and CO2 exchange in tissues
What type of epithelium makes up the respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?
Gets rid of pathogens and moves mucus up
What do goblet cells secrete?
Mucus
List the main structural subdivisions of the respiratory tract.
- Upper respiratory tract
- Lower respiratory tract
What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
What are the conducting airways?
Air movement from nose to terminal bronchioles
What are the respiratory airways?
Gas exchange from bronchioles to alveoli
What is another name for the laryngeal prominence?
Adam’s apple
What is the bronchial tree composed of?
- Trachea (primary) bronchi
- Lobar (secondary) bronchi
- Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
- Bronchioles
What is the terminal bronchioles’ significance?
End of conducting system
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes: superior and inferior
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
What is the cardiac notch?
Indentation in left lung for the heart
What are the two layers of the pleura?
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura
What is pleuritis?
Inflammation of the pleura
What is the respiratory exchange zone?
Includes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
What are alveolar sacs?
Tiny, balloon-like dilations along the alveolar sacs, the alveolar ducts, and the respiratory bronchioles
Approximately how many alveoli are there per person?
~300 million
What are the three breathing processes?
- Ventilation
- Diffusion
- Perfusion
What do type 2 alveolar cells secrete?
Pulmonary surfactant
What is the role of pulmonary surfactant?
Prevents alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
Provides additional immunity as a phagocytic cell
What happens during internal respiration at the tissue level?
CO2 goes into the alveoli and O2 goes into the capillary
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved gas?
7%
What is the bicarbonate equation related to CO2 transport?
H+ + HCO3 → H2CO3 (weak acid)
What happens during external respiration (alveolar level)?
CO2 goes from capillary blood to alveolar air
What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system’s role?
Neutralizes acids or bases entering the blood
What is hypoventilation?
Slow or shallow breathing
What is hyperventilation?
Fast or deep breathing
What occurs during inhalation?
Ribs swing upward, diaphragm flattens, thoracic volume increases
What occurs during exhalation?
Ribs swing downward, diaphragm is dome shaped, thoracic volume decreases
What is the average resting respiratory rate?
12 to 14 breaths per minute
What is eupnea?
Normal respiratory rhythm during quiet breathing
What is respiratory minute volume?
Volume of air that moves in and out of lungs per minute
What is the formula for respiratory minute volume?
VE (mL/min) = f x VT
What is alveolar ventilation?
Volume of air that enters the alveolar airways each minute
What detects H+ and CO2 concentration in the blood?
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata, aorta and carotid artery
What happens when H+ and CO2 levels increase?
Breathing rate increases
