Lab 5 Flashcards
which organisms are the only ones that can photosynthesize?
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
which molecule can organisms use to fuel their cellular processes?
ATP
what are the four stages of cellular respiration?
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation
- citric acid cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol of cytoplasm
where does pyruvate oxidation/ acetyl CoA synthesis occur?
mitochondrial matrix
where does the citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
what role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?
final electron carrier in electron transport chain stage, combines w H+ to make H2O
about what percentage is captured into ATP by cellular respiration?
34%
what happens to rest of energy released from glucose breakdown apart from ATP
dissipates in form of heat
what is an indirect indicator that cellular respiration is occurring?
air intake, oxygen is used as a reactant in cellular respiration so its consumption indicates cellular respiration activity
production of heat, energy is lost as heat in cellular respiration
what is oxygen saturation level?
percent of hemoglobin in arterial blood cells carrying oxygen
how does a pulse oximeter work to measure oxygen saturation level?
oximeter sends two wavelengths of light through finger
one wavelength detects RBCs with O2 bound to hemoglobin
one wavelength detects RBCs with NO O2 bound to hemoglobin
what are normal values of oxygen saturation?
95-100%
what is pulse rate?
heart beats/min
what is ventilation rate?
of inhale exhale cycles/min
what is fermentation?
transforming of energy into ATP for cellular processes in the absence of oxygen
how does limewater test for the presence of CO2?
CO2 reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form (CaCO3) Calcium Carbonate which precipitates out of solution
where is the excess HCO3- present in the blood that reacts with extra H+ dissolved in the blood made?
kidneys
what is a product of alcoholic fermentation in yeast cells?
ethanol
what is an example of fermentation in humans?
when muscles are working vigorously over a short period of time, fermentation is a way to produce ATP when O2 is in limited supply
Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) -> H₂O + CaCO₃ (s)
limewater test for presence of CO₂
what is limewater formula?
Ca(OH)₂ (aq)
what is primary productivity?
production of organic compounds by photosynthesis
why is photosynthesis important?
first and foremost production process upon which all other metabolic pathways depend
what are primary and dependent consumers?
primary consumers - organisms that can perform photosnythesis
dependent consumers - organisms that cannot perform photosnythesis and depend on consumption of primary consumers
what happens to chlorophyll in photosnythesis?
chlorophyll molecules become sufficiently energized by light waves to split water molecules
why do most plants appear green?
chlorophyll reflects green wavelength light because it does not absorb green light best, it absorbs blue and red light best
what are accessory pigments in modern organisms?
pigments that assist chlorophyll by also absorbing light energy and passing it to chlorophyll
what are examples of accessory pigments?
carotenoids (in plants)
phycobilins (in red algae)
what are the reasons a photosynthetic organism uses a mixture of pigments?
for photosynthesis, pollinator attraction, UV protection
do anthocyanins contribute to photosynthesis?
no
what is chromatography?
separating of mixtures
what do the number of polar groups in a photosynthetic pigment affect?
affects their tendency to “stick” to the chromatography paper and affect rate at which they migrate
what pigments migrate further up the chromatography paper? Why?
pigments with fewer polar groups are more soluble in non-polar solvent and less attracted to the polar chromatography paper so they migrate further up the paper
pigments with more polar groups stick to the paper and move a shorter distance
what is the function of guard cells?
changes shape to open/close stoma - pores that allow CO2 or O2 to leave/enter photosynthetically active tissue
in what two cell layers does majority of photosynthesis occur?
palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll
what is major function of xylem?
one direction, roots to shoots, transport of water and dissolved nutrients
what is major function of phloem?
two directions, roots and shoots, transport of sugars, amino acids, hormones, etc.
are carotenoids water-soluble?
yes, they are polar
is chlorophyll water-soluble?
no, soluble in ethanol
what does a positive result for ethanol using reagents potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid look like?
transparent
what does a negative result for ethanol using reagents potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid look like?
yellow
why does oxygen saturation level in blood remain the same even after exercise?
stays around 95-100, you increase amount of oxygen you need when exercising but you also increase amount of oxygen you take in by breathing heavier so there is little change in oxygen saturation
