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BIOL1115 LAB > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ocular Lenses

A

located inside eyepiece, magnifies specimen

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2
Q

Objective lenses

A

Series of lenses located on nosepiece, magnifies specimen

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3
Q

Arm

A

Used for hand grip when carrying

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4
Q

Coarse Focus Knob

A

Roughly focuses specimen by changing distance between objective lens and specimen

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5
Q

Light Source

A

Emits light onto specimen

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6
Q

Blue Filter

A

Increases Resolution by reducing light wavelength

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7
Q

Mechanical Stage

A

large, flat surface that supports slide/specimen over the hole that admits light from below, allows for movement of the slide using mechanical stage knobs

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8
Q

Mechanical Stage Knobs

A

moves slide around stage

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9
Q

Fine Focus Knob

A

Sharply focuses specimen by changing distance between objective lens and specimen very precisely

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10
Q

Condenser

A

Contains 2 lenses that focus light on specimen

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11
Q

Iris Diaphragm

A

regulates amt of light passing through lenses in the condenser, increases visibility of semi-transparent objects

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12
Q

Iris Diaphragm Lever

A

opens and closes iris diaphragm

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13
Q

Condenser Adjustment Knob

A

Moves Condenser up and down

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14
Q

Lamp Switch

A

turns light on or off

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15
Q

lamp intensity dial

A

adjusts brightness produced by light source

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16
Q

stage

A

large flat surface supporting slide over hole that admits light from below

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17
Q

main switch

A

controls supply of power to microscope, must be on for either light to work

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18
Q

T switch

A

turns light BELOW specimen on or off

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19
Q

I switch

A

turns light ABOVE specimen on or off

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20
Q

Stage Clips

A

holds a slide in position over stage

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21
Q

unaided eye resolution is

A

0.1mm in length

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22
Q

max magnification of compound light microscopes

A

2,500x

23
Q

max resolution of compound light microscopes

A

0.2micrometers, 0.4micrometers without immersion oil

24
Q

what are properties of image produced by compound light microscopes?

A

images are inverted and reversed

25
Q

what are properties of image produced by dissecting light microscopes?

A

images are right side up

26
Q

magnification

A

enlargement of an image

27
Q

depth of field

A

vertical distance that remains in focus at each magnification

27
Q

resolution

A

clarity and sharpness of an image, minimum distance that 2 points can be separate and still distinguished as 2 units

28
Q

what is resolution affected by?

A

wavelength of light because the longer the wavelength, the more the diffraction, resulting in blurry image whereas the shorter the wavelength, the less the diffraction resulting in sharper image

29
Q

how do you improve resolution?

A
  • using blue filter to reduce wavelength of light that enters condenser
  • using immersion oil that decreases diffraction, increasing chances of light waves entering objective lens
30
Q

contrast

A

quality that makes image stand out better, the ability to discern detail

31
Q

how do you improve contrast?

A
  • stain layers between tissues and cells of thin sectioned specimen using artificial dyes
  • use speical light microscopes that use diff types of light to make image clearer or easier to see
  • reduce amount of light using either iris diaphragm or light intensity dial or adjusting condenser
32
Q

What is the relationship between magnification and depth of field?

A

the higher the magnification, the smaller the depth of field

33
Q

Why must a microscope increase magnification AND resolution?

A

high magnification is NOT valuable without good resolution

34
Q

How do electron microscopes produce images?

A

Uses electron beams with very short wavelengths

35
Q

What is resolution of Electron Microscopes?

A

0.2nanometers or 0.0002micrometers

36
Q

What is process of using Transmission Electron Microscopes?

A

Specimen undergoes dehydration process, embedded in resin that solidifies

Sliced thinly with a microtome

Slices are put onto small copper grid and stained before being placed into the TEM in a vacuum

Specimen and grid are mounted inside objective lens

Electron beam passes through specimen, and electromagnets are used as lenses to focus and magnify image

As electrons pass through sample, they are deflected from stained portions and transmitted through unstained areas

Electron microscopes can view specimens 50-100µm thick

37
Q

What is process of using Scanning Electron Microscopes?

A

Specimen is put on small copper grid and coated with thin layer of gold/platinum and put in the SEM in a vacuum

A beam of electrons bombard specimen surface and scams back and forth across it, produces image w/ 3D detail and great external detail

Electrons do NOT pass through specimen

Depth of field greater than that if any other microscope

38
Q

How do you calculate actual size of specimen?

A

Actual Size(mm) = fraction of field occupied x field diameter(mm)

39
Q

How do you calculate speed of specimen?

A

Speed of specimen (mm/s) = distance 9mm) ÷ time (s)

40
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Magnification = size of image (mm) ÷ actual size (mm)

41
Q

How do you convert between milimeters, micrometers, and nanometers?

A

1cm = 10mm

1mm = 1000µm

1µm = 1000nm

42
Q

parfocal

A

an object in focus at low power should be relatively focused when you switch to higher powers, small adjustment on fine focus is all that is necessary

43
Q

Why do you not move stage down before switching objective lenses?

A

you will go out of focus

44
Q

Why do you pick up coverslips by the edges?

A

so you won’t smudge it or get fingerprints on it

45
Q

field diameter of low power objective lens

A

4.5mm

46
Q

field diameter of medium power objective lens

A

1.8mm

47
Q

field diameter of high power objective lens

A

0.4mm

48
Q

Which kind of microscope can you view live specimens?

A

light microscopes, electron microscope specimens are dead

49
Q

Which microscope produces 3D images?

A

Dissecting Light microscope and Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and compound light microscope produces 2D images

50
Q

Which kind of microscopes can you use to see external structures and entire specimens?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopes and Dissecting Microscopes, Transmission Electron and Compound Microscopes are used to view internal, sectioned specimens

51
Q

What is maximum magnification of electron microscopes?

A

300,000x

52
Q

When should you never use the coarse focus knob when using compound light microscopes?

A

When using the medium and high power objective lenses, you might smash lenses into the slide and because you might lose focus of the specimen by roughly focusing specimen

53
Q
A

BIOL1115 LAB (8 decks)

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