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PHS 4 > Lab 4-- Respiratory > Flashcards

Lab 4-- Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

Conducting portion

A

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

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2
Q

functional components

A

The airways
Alveoli
Blood vessels of the lungs
Tissue of the chest wall
Diaphragm
Respiratory control neurons in the brain stem

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3
Q

Respiratory portion

A
  • alveoli (site of gas exchange)
  • blood gas barrier is ideal because very thin and large surface area
  • composed of alveolar epithelium, basement membranes, interstitium and capillary
    endothelium
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4
Q

receptors in respiratory system

A
  • B2 adrenergic
  • M3 muscarinic
  • smooth muscle tissue and epithelial tissue
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5
Q

Ventilation

A
  • transport of air from the environment to the gas exchange surface in the alveoli
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6
Q

oxygen diffusion

A
  • from the
    alveolar air space across the
    alveolar-capillary membrane to
    the blood and to the
    tissues
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7
Q

removal of carbon dioxide

A
  • diffusion from the tissues to the
    alveoli
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8
Q

Active process

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm: Convex at rest, flattens during contraction elongating the thoracic
cavity
- External Intercostals: Contraction lifts the ribs upwards and outwards,
expanding thoracic cavity, important for deep inhalations
- Accessory muscles of respiration: scalene, sternocleidomastoid

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9
Q

Passive process

Expiration

A
  • Chest wall and lungs are elastic and naturally return to their resting state
  • Expiratory muscles used only during exercise, forced expiration and disease states
  • Abdominal muscles: rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques increases the abdominal pressure and pushes the diaphragm up, drawing air out of lungs
  • Internal intercostals muscles: pull the ribs down and inwards decreasing the thoracic volume.
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10
Q

Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation

A
  • When no movement (pressure inside and outside is equal)
  • inhale (pressure inside decreases so air flows in)
  • exhale ( pressure inside increases so air flows out)
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11
Q

Lung volumes

A
  • tidal volume
  • inspiratory reserve volume
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • residual volume
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12
Q

Tidal volume (Vt)

A
  • volume of air in one inspired or expired normal breath
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A
  • volume of air that can be inspired in excess of tidal volume
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15
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A
  • extra amount of air that can be expired after a normal tidal expiration
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16
Q

Residual volume

A
  • volume of gas that remains after maximal expiration
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17
Q

Lung capacities

A
  • total lung capacity
  • vital capacity
  • functional residual capacity
  • inspiratory capacity
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18
Q

Total lung capacity

A

volume of gas that can be contained within a maximally inflated lung

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19
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal volume that can be expelled after maximal inspiration

20
Q

functional residual capacity

A
  • volume remaining in the lungs after normal tidal expiration
21
Q

inspiratory capacity

A
  • volume that can be taken into lungs after maximal inspiration after normal expiration
22
Q

COPD pulmonary parameters

A

FVC: Normal/decreased
FEV1: decreased
FEV1:FVC ; decreased
FEF 25-75: decreased

23
Q

Restricitve pulmonary disease

A

FVC: decreased
FEV1: decreased
FEV1:FVC ; normal/increased
FEF 25-75: normal/increased/ decreased

24
Q

FEF 25-75

A

forced epiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC

25
Q

FEV1:

A

forced expiratory volume in the first second of exhalation

26
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disease

A

chest wall deformities, interstitial processes due
to collagen-vascular disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and interstitial fibrosis

27
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

asthma
chronic bronchitis
cystic fibrosis
emphysema
bronchiactasis

28
Q

Spirometry patterns

A

Normal: ~80% FEV1:FVC
Obstructive: <80%
Restrictive: >80%

29
Q

Asthma

A
  • spastic contraction of the smooth muscle in the
    bronchioles
  • chronic inflammatory disorder
  • causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly
    at night and in the early morning
30
Q

Intermittent asthma

A

Normal FEV1 between exacerbations; FEV1
> 80% predicted; FEV1/ FVC normal.

31
Q

Mild asthma

A

FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted; FEV1/ FVC normal

32
Q

Moderate asthma

A

FEV1 > 60% but < 80% predicted; FEV1/ FVCreduced 5%.

33
Q

Severe asthma

A
  • FEV1 < 60% predicted; FEV1/ FVC reduced > 5%
34
Q

Drugs for asthma

A
  • inhaled B2 agonist (bronchodilator)
  • SABA (albuterol)
  • LABA + inhaled corticosteroids
35
Q

corticosteroids

A
  • Block inflammatory reaction and effective in reducing asthma symptoms.
  • prednisone
36
Q

Anticholinergics

A
  • Block acetylcholine from causing smooth muscle contraction and producing excess mucus in the bronchi.
  • Ipratropium
  • tiotropium
37
Q

ADR of B2 agonist

A

tachycardia, skeletal muscle tremor and hypokalemia.

38
Q

ADR of corticosteroids

A

short-term use – weight gain, hypertension.
long-term use – diabetes, muscle weakness

39
Q

ADR of anticholinergic

A

Vision changes, dry mouth, heart rhythm disturbance, postural hypotension,
and cognitive problems (confusion)

40
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Refers to the distention of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of alveolar septa.
  • Associated with cigarette smoking, urban living and pollution
41
Q

chronic bronchitis

A
  • persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years.
  • Associated with Infections cigarette smoking, air pollution and genetic factors
42
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

abnormal permanent dilatation of airways due to chronic necrotizing infection and obstruction

43
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • replacement of lung tissue with fibrous connective tissue, making the lungs stiff and difficult breathing
  • Caused by exposure to asbestos, silica, coal dust etc.
44
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A
  • Is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the gene for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
  • Lack of ion transport prevents water from entering the mucus making it viscous and thus increasing likelihood of infections
  • Sweat of CF patients contains high level of NaCl
45
Q

Pneumonia

A
    • Lung parenchyma/alveolar inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid.
  • Caused by bacteria like Strep. Pneumonia, H. influenza, Klebsiella, staph viruses
46
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disease

A
  • cannot fully fill their lungs with air. Their
    lungs are restricted from fully expanding
  • results from a condition causing stiffness in
    the lungs themselves.
47
Q

COnditions that can cause restrictive lung disease

A
  • Interstitial lung disease, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Sarcoidosis, an autoimmune disease
  • Obesity, including obesity hypoventilation syndrome
  • Scoliosis
  • Neuromuscular disease, such as muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

PHS 4 (4 decks)

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