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PHS 4 > Cardio/Renal Lab 1 > Flashcards

Cardio/Renal Lab 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Na, Ca, K move into the cell
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2
Q

Repolarization

A

K moves out of the cell

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3
Q

Resting potential (Phase 0)

A

-90 mV

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4
Q

Atrial and ventricular cardomyocyte depolarization

A
  • Systole (contraction)
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5
Q

Resting membrane potentional corresponds to?

A

Diastole (relaxation)

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6
Q

Phase 0

A
  • Na channels open
  • influx of Na
  • cell rapidly depolarizes and trigger muscle contraction
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7
Q

Phase 1

A
  • Na channel closes
  • K channels open to removed K+ out of the cells
  • Partially repolarized
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8
Q

Phase 2

A
  • calcium channels open and Ca+ flows into the cell
  • cells remains depolarized for 0.3 seconds
  • Plateau segment of action potential
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9
Q

Phase 3

A
  • cell repolarizes
  • Potassium channel opens and K+ flows out
  • cell returns to resting potential
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10
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • cariomyocytes are unable to generate, propogate or respons to the arriving action potential
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11
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • the cell is only able to respons when there is a strong enough stimulus from action potential
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12
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • recording of the electrical activity of the heart
  • currents generated can reach to the surface of the chest
  • recorded by electrodes
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13
Q

P wave

A
  • first wave of the ECG
  • represents the depolarization of the atrium
  • before atrial contraction
  • short period after (straight line) allows for ventricular filling
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14
Q

QRS complex

A
  • depolarization of the ventricles
  • Q = depolarization from V septum (left to right)
  • R = largest wave, depolarization of the V
  • S = final stage of V depolarization
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15
Q

T wave

A
  • ventricular repolarization
  • before the end of ventricular contraction
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16
Q

ST segment

A
  • zero potential between depolarization and repolarization
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17
Q

PQ interval

A
  • time between the beginning of the P wave and the beggining of the QRS complex
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18
Q

QT interval

A
  • ventricular contraction
  • begins at Q wave until the end of T wave
19
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A
  • no P waves
  • irregular narrow QRD complex at random irregular intervals
20
Q

Atrial flutter

A
  • sawtooth P wave form
21
Q

Bradycardia

A
  • sinus node dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease
  • hypothyroidism
22
Q

Tachycardia

A
  • abnormal impulse formation / conduction
23
Q

Sinus
tachycardia

A
  • caused by drug toxicity or disease
24
Q

Triggered activity

A
  • when depolarization occurs before the cell is fully repolarized
  • not related to SA node firing
25
Q

Re-entry arrhythmias

A
  • abnormal conduction
  • retrograde conduction is blocked as the cells originating the stimuli are still in refractory period
  • antrograde conduction is blocked in one of the paths and impulse travels through the paths which are not blocked
26
Q

Class 1

A
  • block inward Na (slow conduction velocity)
  • block outward K channels (prolong APD)
27
Q

Class 1B

A
  • shorten APD (shorten rate of depolarization)
28
Q

Class 1C

A
  • slows conduction
  • sympatholytic drugs
29
Q

Class 2

A
  • B-blockers
  • slow heart rate, reduced the influx of calcium ions
30
Q

Class 3

A
  • potassium channel blockers
  • slow down electrical impulses
31
Q

Class 4

A
  • calcium channel blockers
  • decrease HR and contraction
32
Q

Inverted T-wave

A
  • due to mild ischemia in the apex of the ventricle
33
Q

causes of cardiac arrhythmias

A
  • damage to heart muscle leads to alterations to conduction and heart rhythm
34
Q

Sinoatrial Block

A
  • sudden stop of P waves, atrium is at standstill
  • ventricles pick up rhythm
35
Q

Atrioventricular block

A
  • Prolonged PR or PQ interval
  • P wave is present but conduction is slowed
  • ventricle beats drop but still generate impulses
36
Q

AV premature contraction

A
  • P wave missing + QRS complex is placed over it’s original place
37
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A
  • Coarse contraction of ventricles disappear
  • irregular spasmodic waves
38
Q

Class 1A drugs – Sodium Channel Blocker

A
  • quinidine
  • procainamide
  • dispyramide
39
Q

Class 1B drugs

A
  • lidocaine
  • mexiletine
  • tocainide
40
Q

Class 1C drugs

A
  • flecainide
  • encainide
  • propafenone
41
Q

Class 2 – BB

A
  • propranolol
  • esmolol
  • metoprolol
  • atenolol
  • timolol
42
Q

Class 3 - K channel blocker

A
  • Sotalol
  • ibutilide
  • bretylium
  • dofetilide
  • amiodarone
43
Q

Class 4 – CCB

A
  • diltiazem
  • verapamil

PHS 4 (4 decks)

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