Lab 2 -- Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
Nociception
A
- noxious stimulus giving rise to pain perception
- stimulus activates nociceptors
- thermal, mechanical, chemical
2
Q
Analgesics
A
- APAP
- local anaesthetics
- NSAIDs
- Opioids
- stops the sense of pain without the loss of consciousness
3
Q
Analgesic sites of action
A
- brain
- dorsal horn
- nerve conduction
- site of injury
4
Q
Opioid + alpha2- agonist site of action
A
- brain
- dorsal horn
5
Q
Local anesthetics Site of action
A
- dorsal horn
- peripheral nerve
- site of injury
6
Q
Anti-inflammatory site of action
A
- site of injury
7
Q
Opioids
A
- interact with opioid receptors in the CNS and GI tract
- mimics the endogenous neurotransmitter – opiopeptins
8
Q
Natural opiate drugs
A
- morphine
- codeine
- thebaine
- papaverine
9
Q
endogenous peptides
Natural Opiopeptins
A
- endorphins
- enkephalins
- dynorphins
10
Q
Synthetics and smi-synthetic Opioid drugs
A
- diamorphine
- methadone
- oxycodone
- hydrocodone
- fentanyl
11
Q
Opioid common structure
A
- phenanthrene ring
12
Q
Opioid receptors
A
- located on cell membranes
- Mu, Kappa, Delta
13
Q
Mu receptor
A
- binding site of endorphine and enkephalin (endorphine with greater affinity)
- binding site of morphine
- causes: analgesia, respiratory depression, physical
dependence, euphoria
14
Q
Delta receptors
A
- site for endorphin and enkephalin (greater affinity for enkephalin)
- causes: spinal analgesia, modulation of the mu
receptor
15
Q
Kappa receptors
A
- dynorphin is the endogenous ligand
- causes: spinal analgesia, miosis, sedation
- females more responsive than males
16
Q
Full agonist opioid drugs
A
- morphine
- meperidine
- methadone
- codeine
- fentanyl
- diamorphine
17
Q
Antagonist Opioid drugs
A
Naloxone
naltrexone
18
Q
Partial agonist opioid drugs
A
- pentazocine
- nalbuphine
- buprenorphine
- butorphanol
19
Q
Dose response curve
A
- provide relationship of dose of the drug to its pharmacological effects
20
Q
Threshold dose
A
- lowest concentration of a dose that can be detected
21
Q
maximum dose
A
- dose that which even if we increase the dose, the response will no longer increase
22
Q
EC50 or ED50
A
- dose at which 50% of the maximum response is acheived
23
Q
Opioid MOA
A
- open K+ channel (K outflow = hyperpolarize)
- inhibit opening of voltage-gated Ca channel (decrease NT release)
24
Q
Opioid CNS effects
A
- Analgesia, euphoria, sedation
- Respiratory depression, cough suppression
- Truncal rigidity
- Nausea, vomiting
- Miosis (Constricted pupils)
25
Q
Opioid GI effects
A
- Decreased GI motility
- Constriction of biliary smooth muscle
26
Q
Tolerance
A
- Decrease in pharmacologic response following
repeated or prolonged drug administration.
27
Q
Dependence
A
- Physical dependence is associated with withdrawal
symptoms - Psychological dependence is associated with craving
28
Q
Naloxone
antagonist
A
- Affinity for all three opioid receptors
– Main clinical use to treat respiratory depression
caused by opioid overdose - Precipitates withdrawal symptoms in addicts
29
Q
Naltrexone
A
- longer half-life than naloxone
30
Q
Tail flick test
A
- baseline is measured and compared to after drug administration to observe effectivenees of analgesia
31
Q
Animal hazards
A
- Allergy
- Zoonoses (disease transmittion)
- animal bites
