Lab 2 -- Neuro

Question 1

Nociception

Answer 1

• noxious stimulus giving rise to pain perception
• stimulus activates nociceptors
• thermal, mechanical, chemical

Question 2

Analgesics

Answer 2

• APAP
• local anaesthetics
• NSAIDs
• Opioids
• stops the sense of pain without the loss of consciousness

Question 3

Analgesic sites of action

Answer 3

• brain
• dorsal horn
• nerve conduction
• site of injury

Question 4

Opioid + alpha2- agonist site of action

Answer 4

• brain
• dorsal horn

Question 5

Local anesthetics Site of action

Answer 5

• dorsal horn
• peripheral nerve
• site of injury

Question 6

Anti-inflammatory site of action

Answer 6

• site of injury

Question 7

Opioids

Answer 7

• interact with opioid receptors in the CNS and GI tract
• mimics the endogenous neurotransmitter – opiopeptins

Question 8

Natural opiate drugs

Answer 8

• morphine
• codeine
• thebaine
• papaverine

Question 9

endogenous peptides

Natural Opiopeptins

Answer 9

• endorphins
• enkephalins
• dynorphins

Question 10

Synthetics and smi-synthetic Opioid drugs

Answer 10

• diamorphine
• methadone
• oxycodone
• hydrocodone
• fentanyl

Question 11

Opioid common structure

Answer 11

• phenanthrene ring

Question 12

Opioid receptors

Answer 12

• located on cell membranes
• Mu, Kappa, Delta

Question 13

Mu receptor

Answer 13

• binding site of endorphine and enkephalin (endorphine with greater affinity)
• binding site of morphine
• causes: analgesia, respiratory depression, physical
  dependence, euphoria

Question 14

Delta receptors

Answer 14

• site for endorphin and enkephalin (greater affinity for enkephalin)
• causes: spinal analgesia, modulation of the mu
  receptor

Question 15

Kappa receptors

Answer 15

• dynorphin is the endogenous ligand
• causes: spinal analgesia, miosis, sedation
• females more responsive than males

Question 16

Full agonist opioid drugs

Answer 16

• morphine
• meperidine
• methadone
• codeine
• fentanyl
• diamorphine

Question 17

Antagonist Opioid drugs

Answer 17

Naloxone
naltrexone

Question 18

Partial agonist opioid drugs

Answer 18

• pentazocine
• nalbuphine
• buprenorphine
• butorphanol

Question 19

Dose response curve

Answer 19

• provide relationship of dose of the drug to its pharmacological effects

Question 20

Threshold dose

Answer 20

• lowest concentration of a dose that can be detected

Question 21

maximum dose

Answer 21

• dose that which even if we increase the dose, the response will no longer increase

Question 22

EC50 or ED50

Answer 22

• dose at which 50% of the maximum response is acheived

Question 23

Opioid MOA

Answer 23

• open K+ channel (K outflow = hyperpolarize)
• inhibit opening of voltage-gated Ca channel (decrease NT release)

Question 24

Opioid CNS effects

Answer 24

• Analgesia, euphoria, sedation
• Respiratory depression, cough suppression
• Truncal rigidity
• Nausea, vomiting
• Miosis (Constricted pupils)

Question 25

Opioid GI effects

Answer 25

• Decreased GI motility
• Constriction of biliary smooth muscle

Question 26

Tolerance

Answer 26

• Decrease in pharmacologic response following
  repeated or prolonged drug administration.

Question 27

Dependence

Answer 27

• Physical dependence is associated with withdrawal
  symptoms
• Psychological dependence is associated with craving

Question 28

Naloxone

antagonist

Answer 28

• Affinity for all three opioid receptors
  – Main clinical use to treat respiratory depression
  caused by opioid overdose
• Precipitates withdrawal symptoms in addicts

Question 29

Naltrexone

Answer 29

• longer half-life than naloxone

Question 30

Tail flick test

Answer 30

• baseline is measured and compared to after drug administration to observe effectivenees of analgesia

Question 31

Animal hazards

Answer 31

• Allergy
• Zoonoses (disease transmittion)
• animal bites