Lab #4: Lower Appendicular Skeleton and Associated Muscles Flashcards
Pelvic Girdle
- Os Coxae
Head of the Femur
Nearly spherical. Articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum.
Greater Trochanter
Massive, rough process. Originates near the proximal end of the femur and serves as insertion site for the powerful hip muscles.
Projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft. Stand up and palpate your lateral thigh, near the hip joint; the bony projection you feel is the greater trochanter.
Lesser Trochanter
Massive, rough process. Originates near the proximal end of the femur and serves as insertion site for the powerful hip muscles.
Located on the femur’s posteromedial surface.
Lateral & Medial Condyle
Smooth, oval articulating surfaces on the distal, inferior surface of the femur. There are ALSO a pair of them on the superior head of the tibia, and both pairs articulate with each other.
Femur
The longest bone in the body as well as the strongest and heaviest.
Tibia
Medial and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region (the part of the lower limb between the knee and ankle). Thick and strong.
Tibial Tuberosity
Insertion point for quadriceps muscle.
Rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles. Can be palapted just inferior to the patella.
Medial Malleolus
The tibia narrows distally, but at its medial border, it forms a large, prominent process called the medial malleolus. Palpate the medial side of your ankle; the bump you feel is your medial malleolus.
Fibula
The long, thin, lateral bone of the leg. It has expanded proximal and distal ends. Although the fibula does not bear any weight, it’s the origin for several muscles. Along the lateral edge of the tibia, the fibula articulates with the surface of the tibia.
Lateral Malleolus
Distal tip of the fibula. It extends laterally to the ankle joint, where it provides lateral stability. Palpate the lateral side of your ankle, the bump you feel is your lateral malleolus.
Tarsals
Part of ankle and foot. There’s seven and they’re analogous to the right carpal bones of the wrist, although their shapes and arrangements are different. The tarsal bones are thoroughly integrated into the structure of the foot because they help the ankle bear the body’s weight.
Calcaneous
Largest tarsal bone. It forms the heel. Its posterior end is a rough, knob-shaped projection that’s the point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon extending from the strong muscles on the posterior side of the leg.
Metatarsals
Five long bones of the foot similar in arrangement and name to the metacarpal bones of the hand. They form the sole of the foot and are identified with Roman numerals I-V, proceeding medially to laterally across the sole. Metatarsals I to III articulate with three cuneiform bones, while metatarsals IV and V articulate with the cuboid bone. Distally, each metatarsal bone articulates with a proximal phalanx. At the head of the first metatarsal are two tiny seasamoid bones, which insert on the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle and help these tendons move more freely.
Phalanges
Bones of the toes. The toes contain 14 phalanges. The great toe is the hallux. 3 phalange bones per toe, except 2 phalange bones in big toe (hallux).
Pelvic Girdle
Refers to the left and right ossa coxae.
Subpubic Angle
Angle formed when the left and right pubic bones are aligned at their public symphyses. Because females have much longer pubic bones, the corresponding subpubic angle is much wider and more convex in them, usually much greater than 100 degrees. The male pubic arch is much narrower and typically doesn’t extend past 90 degrees.
Pubis Bones
Fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum.
Pubic Symphysis
A roughened area on the anteromedial surface of the pubis. Denotes the site of articulation between the pubic bones.
Coccyx
The coccyx projects more vertically in males, whereas the female coccyx has a posterior tilt.
Pelvic Inlet
The superiorly positioned space enclosed by the pelvic brim. In other word, the pelvic brim is the bony ridge of bone, whereas the pelvic inet is the space surrounded by the pelvic brim. The pelvic inet is the opening at the boundary between the true and false pelvis.
Greater Sciatic Notch
The posterior inferior iliac spine is adjacent to it. Through the greater sciatic notch, the sciatic nerve travels to the lower limb.
Ischeal Spine
Posterior to the acetabulum, the prominent triangular ischial spine projects medially.
Ischeal Spine
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Os Coxae
The hip bone. Each os coxae is formed from three separate bones: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. These 3 bones fuse between the ages of 13-15 to form the single os coxae. Each os coxae articulates posteriorly with an auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
Knee Joint
Patella region. A synovial hinge joint. However, when knee is flexed, it is capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding, so does not fit definition 100%.
Synovial Joint
Knee joint is a synovial joint. Freely movable and the bones are separated by a joint cavity.
