Lab #4: Lower Appendicular Skeleton and Associated Muscles Flashcards
Pelvic Girdle
- Os Coxae
Head of the Femur
Nearly spherical. Articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum.
Greater Trochanter
Massive, rough process. Originates near the proximal end of the femur and serves as insertion site for the powerful hip muscles.
Projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft. Stand up and palpate your lateral thigh, near the hip joint; the bony projection you feel is the greater trochanter.
Lesser Trochanter
Massive, rough process. Originates near the proximal end of the femur and serves as insertion site for the powerful hip muscles.
Located on the femur’s posteromedial surface.
Lateral & Medial Condyle
Smooth, oval articulating surfaces on the distal, inferior surface of the femur. There are ALSO a pair of them on the superior head of the tibia, and both pairs articulate with each other.
Femur
The longest bone in the body as well as the strongest and heaviest.
Tibia
Medial and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region (the part of the lower limb between the knee and ankle). Thick and strong.
Tibial Tuberosity
Insertion point for quadriceps muscle.
Rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles. Can be palapted just inferior to the patella.
Medial Malleolus
The tibia narrows distally, but at its medial border, it forms a large, prominent process called the medial malleolus. Palpate the medial side of your ankle; the bump you feel is your medial malleolus.
Fibula
The long, thin, lateral bone of the leg. It has expanded proximal and distal ends. Although the fibula does not bear any weight, it’s the origin for several muscles. Along the lateral edge of the tibia, the fibula articulates with the surface of the tibia.
Lateral Malleolus
Distal tip of the fibula. It extends laterally to the ankle joint, where it provides lateral stability. Palpate the lateral side of your ankle, the bump you feel is your lateral malleolus.
Tarsals
Part of ankle and foot. There’s seven and they’re analogous to the right carpal bones of the wrist, although their shapes and arrangements are different. The tarsal bones are thoroughly integrated into the structure of the foot because they help the ankle bear the body’s weight.
Calcaneous
Largest tarsal bone. It forms the heel. Its posterior end is a rough, knob-shaped projection that’s the point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon extending from the strong muscles on the posterior side of the leg.
Metatarsals
Five long bones of the foot similar in arrangement and name to the metacarpal bones of the hand. They form the sole of the foot and are identified with Roman numerals I-V, proceeding medially to laterally across the sole. Metatarsals I to III articulate with three cuneiform bones, while metatarsals IV and V articulate with the cuboid bone. Distally, each metatarsal bone articulates with a proximal phalanx. At the head of the first metatarsal are two tiny seasamoid bones, which insert on the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle and help these tendons move more freely.
Phalanges
Bones of the toes. The toes contain 14 phalanges. The great toe is the hallux. 3 phalange bones per toe, except 2 phalange bones in big toe (hallux).
Pelvic Girdle
Refers to the left and right ossa coxae.
Subpubic Angle
Angle formed when the left and right pubic bones are aligned at their public symphyses. Because females have much longer pubic bones, the corresponding subpubic angle is much wider and more convex in them, usually much greater than 100 degrees. The male pubic arch is much narrower and typically doesn’t extend past 90 degrees.
Pubis Bones
Fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum.
Pubic Symphysis
A roughened area on the anteromedial surface of the pubis. Denotes the site of articulation between the pubic bones.
Coccyx
The coccyx projects more vertically in males, whereas the female coccyx has a posterior tilt.
Pelvic Inlet
The superiorly positioned space enclosed by the pelvic brim. In other word, the pelvic brim is the bony ridge of bone, whereas the pelvic inet is the space surrounded by the pelvic brim. The pelvic inet is the opening at the boundary between the true and false pelvis.
Greater Sciatic Notch
The posterior inferior iliac spine is adjacent to it. Through the greater sciatic notch, the sciatic nerve travels to the lower limb.
Ischeal Spine
Posterior to the acetabulum, the prominent triangular ischial spine projects medially.
Ischeal Spine
-
Os Coxae
The hip bone. Each os coxae is formed from three separate bones: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. These 3 bones fuse between the ages of 13-15 to form the single os coxae. Each os coxae articulates posteriorly with an auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
Knee Joint
Patella region. A synovial hinge joint. However, when knee is flexed, it is capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding, so does not fit definition 100%.
Synovial Joint
Knee joint is a synovial joint. Freely movable and the bones are separated by a joint cavity.
Hinge Joint
One type of synovial joint. Movement of the joint is confined to a single plate.
Articular Catilages
Composed of hyaline cartilage. Covers lateral and medial condyles of femur and tibia.
Lateral Meniscus
Semicurcular cartilage on lateral tibial plateau. Outer border thick and convex; inner border thin. Act as cushion between articulating surfaces.
Medial Meniscus
Semicircular cartilage on medial tibial plateau. Outer border is thick and convex, inner border is thin. Act as cushion between articulating surfaces.
Anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL-prevents hyperextension of knee)
Fibrous band joining tibia to femur. Inside fibrous capsule.
Posterior cruciate ligament
(PCL-prevents hyperflexion of knee)
Fibrous band connecting tibia to femur, inside fibrous capsule.
Tibial collateral ligament
(prevents hyperabduction of the knee)
Broad fibrous band external to fibrous capsule of knee joint. Connects medial femoral condyle to medial condyle and proximal shaft of tibia.
Tibial collateral ligament
(prevents hyperabduction of the knee)
Patella
Large, roughly triangular sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Allows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris to glide more smoothly, and it protects the knee joint.
Patellar ligament
Connects patella to tuberosity of tibia. Continuation of tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Tibial tuberosity
Rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles, which can be palpated just inferior to the patella and marks the attachment site for the patellar ligament.
Body elevation on proximal shaft. Point of attachment for quadriceps femoris.
Fibular collateral ligament
(prevents hyperadduction of knee)
Fibrous cord external to fibrous capsule of knee joint. Contracts lateral femoral condyle to head of fibula.
Fibular collateral ligament
(prevents hyperadduction of knee)
Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fasica lata; linea aspera and gluteal tuberosity of femur.
Action: extension and lateral rotation of hip (femur)
Cat Muscle: Gluteus maximus
Cat Actions: abducts thigh
Gluteus Medius
O: upper lateral portion of ilium
I: lateral part of greater trochanter of femur
Action: abducts and medially rotates hip (femur); steadies pelvis
Cat Muscle: Gluteus Medius
Cat Action: Abducts Thigh
Cat Muscle 2: Caudofemoralis
Cat Action: Abducts and extends thigh.
Caudofemoralis
(in cat, ABduction and extension of the
thigh)
Rectus Femoris
O: anterior interior spine of pelvis and lip of acetabulum
I: patella to tibial tuberosity
Action: flexes hip (femur); extends knee
Cat Muscle: Rectus femoris
Action: extends knee; rotates thigh; flex hip
Vastus Lateralis
O: linea aspera of femur
I: patella to tibial tuberosity
Action: extends knee
Cat Muscle: Vastus lateralis
Action: extend knee
Vastus Medialis
O: linea aspera of femur
I: patella to tibial tuberosity
Action: extends knee
Cat Muscle: Vastus medialis
Action: extend knee
Caudofemoralis
(in cat, ABduction and extension of the
thigh)
Gracilis
Origin: Inferior ramus and body of pubis.
Insertion: Upper medial surface of tibia.
Action: Flexes and adducts thigh; flexes leg.
Cat Muscle: Gracilis
Action: adducts thigh
Vastus Intermedius
Extension of the knee.
Origin: Anterolateral surface of femur.
Insertion: Quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity.
Hamstrings
Extends thigh and flexsion of knee and leg; rotate leg laterally.
o Biceps femoris
o Semitendinosus
o Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
O: 2 heads, medial and lateral condyles of femur
I: posterior surface of calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes ankle (foot); flexes knee
Cat Muscle: Gastrocnemius
Action: extends paw and patella
Soleus
O: medial border of tibia, head of fibula
I: posterior surface of calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes ankle (foot), steadies leg when standing
Cat Muscle: Soleus
Action: extends paw
Ilium
The largest of the three coxal bones in the pelvic gridle. Forms the superior region of the os coxae and the largest portion of the acetabular surface.
Ischium
The ilium fuses with the ischium near the superior and posterior margins of the acetabulum. The ischium accounts for the posterior two-fifths of the acetabular surface.
Pubis
Fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum.
Acetabulum
The femur articulates with a deep, curved depression on the lateral surface of the os coxae called the acetabulum.
The three bones that form the os coxae all contribute a portion of the acetabulum. Thus, the acetabulum represents a region where these bones have fused.
Gluteus Minimus
O: outer portion of ilium
I: anterior part of greater trochanter of femur
abduction and medial rotation of hip
Psoas major (deep)
O: lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: flexes hip (femur)
Sartorius
O: anterior superior spine of ilium
I: medial surface of tibia
Action: flexes, abductsand laterally rotates hip; flexes knee
Cat Muscle: Sartorius
Action: adducts and rotates thigh
Adductors (deep) A. longus, A.magnus
O: pubis
I: linea aspera of femur
Action: adduction of hip
Cat Muscle: Adductor longus
Action: adducts, flexes, rotates femur
Cat Muscle 2: Adductor femoris (deep)
Action: adducts, flexes, and rotates femur
Rectus abdominus
O: symphysis pubis and pubic crest
I: costal cartilage of 5th-7th ribs, xiphoid process of sternum
Action: flex lumbar portion of vertebral column
Cat Muscle: Rectus abdominus
Action: compresses abdomen
External oblique
O: Inferior 8 ribs
I: Linea Alba by a broad aponeurosis, Iliac crest
- Action-
- Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to opposite side.
- Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
Cat Muscle: External oblique
Action: compresses the abdomen, important for posture via pelvis
Internal oblique
O: lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament,and iliac crest
I: Linea alba, pubic crest, inferior rib surfaces, costal cartilages
Action
- Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to opposite side.
- Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
Tranverse abdominus
O: Iliac crest, cartilages of inferior ribs, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament
I: Linea alba and public crest
Action
- Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column
- Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses
Semimembranosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia (posterior)
Action: extendship (femur); flexes knee
Cat Muscie: Semimembranosus (deep)
Action: extends femur
Semitendinosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal medial portion of tibia
Action: extends hip (femur); flexes knee
Cat Muscle: Semi-tendinosus
Action: Flexes knee
Biceps femoris (long head)
O: ischial tuberosity
I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Action: extends and laterally rotates hip (femur); flexes knee
Cat Muscle: Biceps femoris
Action: abducts thigh; flexes leg
Biceps femoris (short head)
O: linea aspera of femur
I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Action: flexes knee
Tibialis anterior
O: lateral condyle and upper lateral portion of tibia
I: first cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Action: dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle (foot)
Cat Muscle: Tibalis anterior
Action: flexes paw
