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Anatomy & Physiology: Lab > Lab #3: Upper Appendicular Skeleton and Associated Muscles > Flashcards

Lab #3: Upper Appendicular Skeleton and Associated Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Consists of

  • Upper and lower extremeties.
  • Pectoral and pelvic girdle (attach extremeties to axial skeleton)
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2
Q

Head of Humerus

A

Rounded articular surface. Continuous with anatomical neck.

It articulates at the glenoid cavity of the scapula. This articulation forms the glenohumeroid joint.

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3
Q

Greater Tuberle

A

Located on humorus.

Prominent lateral and posterior projection.

Provides attachment for supraspinatus.

Sites of insertions of muscles of rotater cuff.

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4
Q

Anatomical Neck of Humerus

A

Between the tubercles and head of humerus.

Location of former epiphyseal growth plate.

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5
Q

Surgical Neck of Humerus

A

Distal to tubercles at transition from the head to the shaft of the humerus. Very common site for fracture of humerus.

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6
Q

Spine of Scapula

A

Prominent ridge on posterior surface of scapula.

Provides attachment for trapezius and deltoid. Continuous with acromion process.

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7
Q

Acromion

A

Flattened, lateral part of scapular spine. Articulates with clavicle.

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8
Q

Supraspinous Fossa

A

Posterior scapula. Depression superior to scapular spine. Provides attachment of supraspinatus muscle.

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9
Q

Infraspinous Fossa

A

Posterior scapula. Depression inferior to scapular spine. Provides attachment for infraspinatus muscle.

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10
Q

Subscapular Fossa

A

Anterior scapular. Broad, shallow depression. Provides attachment for subscapularis muscle.

Sight of origin for subscapulas muscle.

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11
Q

Glenoid Cavity

A

Located at scapula. Shallow depression at superior end of lateral border. Articulates with head of humerus to form glenohumeroid joint.

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12
Q

Lesser Tubercle

A

Proximal humerus. Prominent anterior projection. Provides attachment for subscapularis muscle. More anterior and more medial than greater t.

Sites of insertions of muscles of rotater cuff.

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13
Q

Supraspinatus Muscle

A

Origin: Scapula (supraspinous fossa)
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Abduction (away from midline of body) of arm, holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity.

Cat Muscle: Supraspinatus (deep)
Action: Rotates humerus outward

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14
Q

Infraspinatus Muscle

A

Origin: Scapula (infraspinous fossa)
Insertion: : greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Adduction (toward midline of body) and Lateral (sideways) rotation of arm, holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity.

Cat Muscle: Infraspinatus (deep)
Action: Extends arm

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15
Q

Teres Minor Muscle

A

Origin: Scapula (lateral border)

Action: Lateral (sideways) rotation of arm, holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity, and adduction (toward midline of body) of arm (weak)

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16
Q

Subscapularis Muscle

A

Origin: Scapular (subscapular fossa)

Action: Medial rotation of arm, holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity.

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17
Q

Humerus

A

The longest and largest upper limb bone.

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18
Q

Long Bone

A

Have a greater length than width. These bones have an elongated, cylindrical shaft (diaphysis). This is the most common bone shape. Long bones are found in the upper limb (namely, the arm, forearm, palm, and fingers) and lower limb (thigh, leg, sole of the foot, and toes). Long bones vary in size; the small bones in the fingers and toes are long bones, as are the larger tibia and fibula.

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19
Q

Diaphysis

A

One of the principal gross features of the long bone. It’s the shaft. The elongated, usually cylindrical diaphysis provides for the leverage and major weight support of a long bone.

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20
Q

Epiphysis

A

At the end of a long bone is an expanded, knobby region called the epiphysis. The epiphysis is enlarged to strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for bone-to-bone articulation as well as tendon and ligament attachment. It’s composed of an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone.

A proximal epiphysis is the end of the bone closest to the body trunk, and a distal epiphysis is the end farthest from the trunk.

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21
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region in a mature long bone sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysis. In a growing bone, this region contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate, thin layers of hyaline cartilage that provide for the continued lengthwise growth of the diaphysis. In adults, the remnant of the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of compact bone called epiphyseal line.

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22
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of a long bone at a joint surface. This cartilage helps reduce friction and absorb shock in movable joints.

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23
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

The hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis of the long bone. In adults, it contains yellow bone marrow.

24
Q

Endosteum

A

An incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone, such as the medullary cavity. The endosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, and is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

25
Q

Periosteum

A

A tough sheath that covers the outer surface of the bone, except for the areas covered by articular cartilage.

Periosteum is made of dense irregular connective tissue and consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer. The periosteum is anchored to the bone by numerous strong collagen fibers called perforating fibers, which run perpendicular to the diaphysis.

The periosteum protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone, and provides stem cells for bone width growth and fracture repair.

26
Q

Scapula

A

A broad, flat, triangular bone that forms the “shoulder blade”. You can palpate your scapula by putting your hand on your superolateral back region and moving your upper limb; the bone you feel moving is the scapula.

27
Q

Shaft of Humerus

A

Has a roughened area, termed the deltoid tuberosity, which extends long its lateral surface for about half the length of the humerus. The deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to this roughened surface.

28
Q

Clavicle

A

An S-shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. It’s the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton.

29
Q

Acromial End of Clavicle

A

Is broad and flattened. It articulates with the acromion of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint.

30
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

A

Provide strength and stability tot he glenohumeral joint. These muscles attach the scapula to the humerus. The specific movements of each muscle are best learned when equating them pitching a ball.

The subscapularis is used when you wind up for a pitch. It medially rotates the arm.

The supraspinatus is used when you start to execute the pitch, by fully abducting the arm.

The infraspinatus and teres minor help slow downt he pitching arm upon completion of the pitch. These two muscles adduct and laterally rotate the arm.

31
Q

Trapezius

A

A large, flat, diamond-shaped muscle that extends from the skull and vertebral column to the pectoral girdle laterally. In general, the trapezius can elevate, depress, retract, or rotate the scapula, depending upon which fibers of the muscle are actively contracting. The superior fibers of the trapezius elevate and superiorly rotate the scapula. The middle fibers work with the rhomboid muscles to retract the scapula, while the inferior fibers depress the scapula.

32
Q

Deltoid

A

Thick, powerful muscle that functions as a prime abductor of the arm and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder. Note that the fibers of the deltoid originate from 3 different points, and these different fiber groups all perform different functions:

1) The anterior fibers flex and medially rotate the arm.
2) The middle fibers abduct the arm; in fact, the deltoid is the prime abductor of the arm.
3) The posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate the arm.

O: clavicle; acromion process and spine of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

33
Q

Supraspinatous muscle

A

Sits above the spine of the scapula
Originates on the supraspinous fossa
Inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: ABduction of the humerus

34
Q

Infraspinatous muscle

A

Sits below the spine of the scapula
Originates on the infraspinous fossa
Inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: ADduction and lateral (external) rotation of the humerus

35
Q

Teres minor muscle

A

Originates on the lateral border of the scapula
Inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: ADduction and lateral (external) rotation of the humerus
Pectoralis major muscle, Deltoid Muscle, Pectoralis minor muscle
(superficial muscles on anterior side)

36
Q

Subscapularis muscle

A

Originates on the subscapular fossa
Inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus
Action: Medial (internal) rotation of the humerus

37
Q

Radius and Ulna

A

Bones of the forearm. In anatomic position, these bones are parallel, and the radius is lateral. The ulna is the longer, medially placed bone of the forearm.

38
Q

Head (Radius)

A

The proximal end of the radius has a distinctive disc-shaped head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.

39
Q

Neck (Radius)

A

A narrow neck separates the radial head from the radial tuberosity.

40
Q

Radial Tuberosity

A

An attachment site on the radius for the biceps brachii muscle.

41
Q

Styloid Process (Radius)

A

The shaft of the radius curves slightly and leads to a wide distal end where there’s a laterally placed styloid process. This bony projection can be palpated on the lateral side of the wrist, just proximal to the thumb.

42
Q

Trochlear Notch

A

At the proximal end of the ulna, this C-shaped notch interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus. The posterosuperior aspect of the trochlear notch has a prominent projection called the olecranon. The olecranon articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the posterior “bump” of the elbow.

43
Q

Styloid Process (Ulna)

A

At the distal end of the ulna, the shaft narrows and terminates in a knoblike head that has a posteromedial styloid process. The styloid process of the ulna may be palpated on the medial of the wrist.

44
Q

Carpals

A

Small, short bones that form the wrist. Eight carpal bones make up each wrist. You need only to distinguish them (collectively) from the metacarpals and phalanges.

45
Q

Metacarpals

A

The bones in the palm of the hand. 5 bones that make up the palm of each hands. You need only to distinguish them (collectively) from the carpals and phalanges.

46
Q

Phalanges

A

Bone of the digits. There are 3 phalanges in each of the second through fifth fingers and two only in the thumb, making a total of 14.

47
Q

Cat Deltoid

A

Clavodeltoid (clavo-brachialis) flexes forearm

Acromiodeltoid flexes and rotates humerus

Spinodeltoid flexes and rotates humerus

48
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

O: (2 heads): short head- coracoid process of scapula; long head-intertubular groove of humerus
I: radial tuberosity

Action: flexes elbow (forearm); supination of forearm (radius/ulna) and shoulder (glenohumereal joint)

Cat Muscle: Biceps brachii
Action: flexes forearm

49
Q

Brachialis

A

O: distal anterior humerus
I: coronoid process of ulna

Action: flexes elbow

Cat Muscle: Brachialis (deep)
Action: flexes forearm

50
Q

Brachioradialis

A

O: above lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: just above styloid process on lateral surface of radius

Action: flexes elbow

Cat Muscle: brachioradialis
Action: supinator of paw

51
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

O: (3 heads)- long head from scapula, lateral and medial heads from humerus
I: olecranon process of ulna

Action: extends elbow and shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Cat Muscle: Tricepcs brachii (lateral and long heads)
Action: extends forearm of humerus, of ulna

52
Q

Palmaris longus

A

Cat Muscle. Flexes digits.

53
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon process of ulna
I: base of 5th metacarpal

Action: flexes wrist; acts with Extensor carpi ulnaris to adduct wrist

Cat Muscle: Flexor carpi ulnaris
Action: flexes digits

54
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

Action: flexes and abducts wrist

Cat Muscle: Flexor carpi radialis
Action: flexes wrist

55
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus,Posterior border of ulna
I: base of 5th metacarpal

Action: extends and adducts wrist; acts with Flexor carpi ulnaris to adduct wrist

Cat Muscle: Extensor carpi ulnaris
Action: Extends paw

56
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus; Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: longus base of 2 nd metacarpal, brevis on base of third metacarpal

Action: extends and abducts wrist; acts with Flexor carpi radialis to abduct wrist

Cat Muscle: Extensor carpi radialis longus; Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Action: Extends carpal joint

Anatomy & Physiology: Lab (8 decks)

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