Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology Lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

Apicomplexans I

1
Q

What 4 organisms do we need to know for Apicomplexans 1?

A

Eimeria tenella, Sarcocystis spp, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Toxoplasma gondii causes what?

A

Toxoplasmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum causes what?

A

cryptosporidiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All Apicomplexans contain an apical complex that consists of 5 things:

A

polar ring, subpellicular tubules, conoid, rhoptries, micronemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does the apical complex disappear?

A

After host cell penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apical complex plays a role in __________

A

host cell penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most apicomplexans have ___________ reproduction

A

both sexual and asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which kinds of life cycles are found in apicomplexans?

A

both direct and indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Schizogony-

A

(multiple fission) asexual reproduction in which multiple mitoses take place followed by simultaneous cytokinesis resulting in many daughter cells at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Merogony-

A

(schizogony) multiple fission produces many daughter cells called merozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Merozoites-

A

daughter cells produced from merogony which will asexually reproduce more merozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Meront-

A

the cell that undergoes merogony. It will contain many merozoites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gametogony-

A

merozoites or trophozoites maturing to form gametocysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macrogametocyte-

A

will produce female gametes “macrogametes”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microgametocyte-

A

will produce male gametes “microgametes” (only flagellated stage in this group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sprogony-

A

zygote undergoes multiple fission to produce sporozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sporozoites-

A

daughter cell produced during sporogony. An infective stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

zygote-

A

produced by fusion of macrogamete and microgamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spore-Oocyst-

A

the cystic form resulting from sporogony. Contains sporozoites, has resistant membrane secreted around it in some species and lacks the resistant membrane in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An oocyst is NOT THE SAME THING AS A ________

A

Cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Syngamy-

A

fusion of male and female gametes to produce a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endopolygeny-

A

internal budding but no cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The parasitic niche of Coccideans is…

A

the GI tract and associated organs (liver, kidney, blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Coccideans alternate between __________ reproduction

A

sexual and asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The three phases in the life cycle are:

A

Merogony, Gametogony, Sporogony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_________ occur within host cell

A

merogony and gametogony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

__________ occur outside the host in soil or litter

A

sporogony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

All apicomplexans in this lab are in the class ________

A

Coccidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The infective stage of these organisms is the:

A

sporozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The sporozoite resides in very resistant spores called:

A

oocysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Eimeria oocysts have ____ sporocysts containing ____ sporozoites each.

A

4

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Isospora oocysts have ____ sporocysts containing ____ sporozoites each.

A

2

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

You cannot distinguish between Eimeria and Isospora oocysts until:

A

they are sporulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Eimeria spp are economically important parasites in ________

A

domestic animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Eimeria development within host is ________.

They are host specific/non-specific? and within host, are/are not tissue specific?

A
  • intracellular
  • specific
  • are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Can immunity occur with Eimeria?

A

Yes, but if immunity develops, it is only partial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Eimeria tenella:
Host =
Niche =
Mechanism of Pathogenesis in host =

A

Chickens
GI tract
necrosis of cecal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Chickens of what age are most susceptible to Eimeria tenella?

A

young chickens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Is there a treatment for Eimeria tenella?

A

None once infection is established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is added to commercial chicken feeds and why?

A

coccidostats to prevent infection with Eimeria tenella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Eimeria tenella infections in chickens are _______ (asexual reproduction does not continue indefinitely)

A

self limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

If a chicken survives primary tenella infection, may have ________

A

partial immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Concurrent infections can occur with other Eimeria spp. In other words:

A

infection with one species actually seems to enhance infection with a second species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tenella transmission occurs from:

A

ingestion of sporozoite within sporulated oocysts in soil/litter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Upon tenella ingestion in chickens, sporulated oocysts release ______ into ______. These penetrate _______ to become ______

A
  • sporozoites into small intestine
  • epithelial cells of cecum
  • trophozoites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

tenella trophozoites in intestinal epithelium becomes a first generation _______, undergoing ________ to produce _________

A
  • schizont (meront)
  • schizogony (merogony, multiple fission)
  • many daughter cells called “merozoites”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

once merozoites have formed in epithelial cells, they are released into lumen when ______

A

the cell ruptures

48
Q

First generation merozoites that have burst into the lumen will then __________

A

penetrate other epithelial cells

49
Q

once first generation merozoites have penetrated new epithelial cells, they can choose between two paths in life:

A
  1. they can repeat the prosame process of multiple fission to produce a second generation of merozoites. (this can go on indefinitely, 3rd, 4th, etc generations)
  2. They can undergo gametogony, transforming into gamonts (gametocytes: macro and micro gametocytes)
50
Q

Most gametocytes will become micro/macrogametes? But some will become ________gametocytes. These will then undergo ______ to produce ________

A
  • macrogametes
  • microgametes
  • schizogony to produce many bi-flagellated microgametes
51
Q

Fusion of a micro and macro gamete creates a _______, aka an __________

A

zygote aka an unsporulated oocyst

52
Q

once tenella zygotes (unsporulated oocysts) get pooped out, they undergo _______ in the shit pile to form ___________

A
  • sporogony (multiple fission)

- 4 sporocysts, each with 2 sporozoites. All 4 are contained within the sporulated oocyst

53
Q

tenella sporozoites are _____ shaped

A

banana or rod shaped

54
Q

the rounded up small single-cell uninuclear form of tenella sporozoite becomes this when it penetrates an epithelial cell is called a _______

A

Trophozoite

55
Q

tenella trophozoite can easily be distinguished from the nucleus of the cell it inhabits as a ________

A

small nucleus (much smaller than cell nucleus) surrounded by a clear halo

56
Q

once a tenella trophozoite undergoes schizogony, it is called a _______. This epithelial cell is filled with _________

A
  • schizont/meront

- many small nuclei scattered in the cytoplasm

57
Q

Within a tenella meront, each small nucleus becomes visble as a spindle shaped organism called a ________. It is also possible to see this organism free in the lumen if what has just happened?

A
  • merozoite.

- if the cell has just ruptured

58
Q

The asexual portion of the tenella life cycle involves _______, and the sexual portion involves ___________.

A
  • forming another generation of merozoites

- transforming into a gametocyte

59
Q

Where does the tenella macrogametocyte reside and what does it look like?

A
  • resides inside the cecal epithelial cell (crowds the epithelial cell nucleus to one side)
  • has a large central nucleus, large cytoplasmic granules, tends to be found in groups of cells
60
Q

the tenella microgametocyte resides _______, and following many rounds of multiple fission will be a big cell full of _________, which look like ________

A
  • within cecal epithelial cells
  • many microgametes
  • tiny slender biflagellates
61
Q

When a microgamete fertilizes a macrogamete, the cell is called a ________. It ruptures from the epithelial cell and is shit out.

A

Oocyst/zygote

62
Q

Is an oocyst infective?

A

No, it must undergo sporulation to be infective

63
Q

How long does it take for sporulation to occur in a tenella oocyst in the shit pile?

A

within 48 hours

64
Q

When looking at an Eimeria slide at 5.5 days post infection, you will see:

A

meronts with merozoites

65
Q

When looking at an Eimeria slide at 7 days post infection, you will see:

A

Oocyst taking up basically all of the room in the host cell

66
Q

1 Eimeria oocyst produces ____ sporozoites, each of which can produce ________ merozoites, each of which can be fertilized to become another oocyst.

A

8

millions

67
Q

3 ways Eimeria infection will not take hold in a chicken:

A
  1. organism enters epithelial cell about to be sloughed off. (epithelial cells get sloughed every 3 days)
  2. organism gets shit out before it can infect another cell
  3. host immune response can get some of the merozoites as they leave epithelial cells
68
Q

The family Sarcocystidae contains which 2 organisms?

A

Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp

69
Q

Sarcocystidae have a ________ life cycle, consisting of _______ development in intermediate host and ________ development in definitive host

A
  • Heteroxenous
  • asexual
  • sexual
70
Q

Sarcocystidae life cycle takes place in both ______ and _______

A

intestines and tissues (extra intestinal)

71
Q

Sarcocystidae oocysts contain __ sporocysts each with ___ sporozoites.

A

2

4

72
Q

Transmission of Sarcocystidae involves ingestion of ________ or _______

A

sporozoites within sporulated oocysts or tissue containing cysts with bradyzoites

73
Q

Tachyzoites-

A

merozoites formed by multiple fission (endodyogeny) of sporozoites

74
Q

bradyzoites-

A

merozoites formed in tissue cysts in extra intestinal sites

75
Q

bradycysts-

A

same thing as a tissue cyst; also called a pseudocyst or zoitocyst

76
Q

Sarcocystidae sexual reproduction occurs in ___________ and produces ______. Asexual reproduction occurs in _______ and results in ________

A
  • intestine
  • oocysts
  • tissues
  • tachyzoites and bradyzoites
77
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate _______

A

intracellular parasite

78
Q

Toxoplasma gondii’s only definitive host is ______, but it has many intermediate hosts, including humans.

A

cats (domestic and wild)

79
Q

Toxoplasma can be transmitted to fetus _____

A

transplacentally

80
Q

Is there an intestinal stage for Toxoplasma in intermediate host?

A

NO, penetrates intestine and is engulfed by macrophages for distribution in body

81
Q

Why are Toxoplasma not killed when ingested by macrophages?

A

It prevents the macrophage lysosomes from fusing with the vacuole it resides in.

82
Q

Toxoplasma sporozoite in macrophage undergoes _____ to produce ______. The macrophage then ruptures, and they invade other tissues, especially: (5 places)

A
  • schizogony
  • tachyzoites
  • striated muscle, retina, brain, liver, lymph nodes (any nucleated cell)
83
Q

Which form of toxoplama crosses placenta?

A

Tachyzoites

84
Q

Upon entrance into new tissues in the body, tachyzoites undergo ______, continuing the asexual cycle until what happens?

A
  • schizogony

- host immune response eventually limits the parasite’s asexual reproduction

85
Q

When Intermediate host starts fucking with the tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, some will _________ and accumulate into ______ that lay dormant for a very long time.

A
  • differentiate into bradyzoites

- pseudocysts/tissue cysts

86
Q

Host immune system will keep bradyzoite pseudocysts ________

A

latent/inactive. (so there is no inflammatory response

87
Q

Cats, our toxoplasma definitive host, can get the parasite in 2 ways:

A
  1. ingesting sporulated oocyst

2. eating tissue infected with pseudocysts

88
Q

If a cat ingests an oocyst, what happens?

If a cat ingests a pseudocyst, what happens?

A
  • sporozoites are released and invade intestinal epithelium

- bradyzoites are released and invade intestinal epithelial cells

89
Q

within 3-5 days of toxoplasma infection in cats, what begins to happen?

A

some merozoites begin to undergo sexual reproduction (gametogony)

90
Q

Just like Eimeria tenella, Toxoplasma gondii sporulation occurs _________

A

outside the host in the shit pile

91
Q

We know cats are definitive host, and many other mammals including humans are intermediate hosts, but can cats also be intermediate host?

A

Yes they can

92
Q

Although typically asymptomatic, what symptoms may occur in humans infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Enlargement of lymph nodes (especially cervical lymph nodes), low grade fever

93
Q

Human immunity to Toxoplasma is ________. If a pseudocyst ruptures, a severe immune reaction can occur, killing all the bradyzoites, the only downsides to this are:

A
  • complete

- if this occurs in the brain or retina, encephalitis or blindness can occur, respectively

94
Q

Adults can be at risk for severe disease or fatality from Toxoplasma gondii if they _____________ or have _______

A
  • receive an infected organ transplant, especially hearts

- AIDS

95
Q

When congenital toxoplasmosis occurs in humans, the mother can have no clinical signs, but the fetal infection can vary from ________ to _____________. Fetal damage is most acute if infection occurs ________

A
  • asymptomatic to severe developmental damage

- in the first trimester

96
Q

Sarcocystis spp has an _______ intermediate host and a _______ definitive host.

A
  • herbivorous

- carnivorous

97
Q

Infection of sarcocystis definitive host occurs by ________

A

ingestion of bradyzoites in meat

98
Q

Sarcocystis spp bradyzoites will transform into _______ in the _______, then _______ and undergo _________

A
  • merozoites
  • intestine
  • invade epithelial cells
  • gametogony
99
Q

Sarcocystis spp oocytes are formed only in ______

A

definitive hosts

100
Q

Sarcocystis spp differ from the other apicomplexans in that oocysts sporulate in ______ and then ________

A
  • intestine

- rupture, releasing sporocysts containing sporozoites that pass out in feces

101
Q

If sarcocystis spp sporocysts are ingested by an intermediate host, they burst in intestine and undergo the same process as ________

A

-Toxoplasma in humans (shizogony–tachyzoites–bradyzoites–cysts

102
Q

Sarcocystis spp cysts in intermediate host are called _______, not pseudocysts

A

sarcocysts or zoitocysts

103
Q

sarcocysts will typically form in _________

A

Striated and cardiac muscle, and sometimes the brain

104
Q

The only Sarcocystis spp form infective for definitive hosts is ________

A

bradyzoites

105
Q

Cryptosporidium are parasites of what two body areas?

A

intestinal and respiratory epithelium

106
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum is an opportunistic parasite of _______, especially _________. It is very common in ______ patients.

A
  • humans
  • young children
  • AIDS
107
Q

When presented with chronic diarrhea, _________ is the most likely culprit

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

108
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum undergoes ______(3 things) within microvilli of epithelial cells in GI tract

A

Schizogony, gametogony, sporogony

109
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum is passed in feces as _______

A

very small round oocysts

110
Q

Cryptosporidium oocysts have no ________, just 4 slender ________

A
  • sporocysts

- sporozoites

111
Q

_______ Crypto. oocysts pass out with feces. ________ crypto. oocysts can rupture in lumen of gut and cause auto infection of infected host

A
  • thick walled

- thin walled

112
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum:

  • only about _______ sporulated oocysts are required to infect host
  • oocysts survive a long time in water, but ____ will kill them
  • most common source of infection is from ______
A
  • 30-100
  • drying out
  • contaminated water
113
Q

Zoonosis-

A

can spread from animals to man and vice versa

114
Q

How does Cryptosporidium parvum evade host defenses and drug treatments?

A

it coats itself in host cell derived membrane when it attaches to GI epithelium. Although it is technically not intracellular, it has wrapped itself in the host cell membrane, which makes it untreatable

115
Q

Cryp. parv. is NOT _________, it has simply wrapped itself in the host cell membrane next to the host cell

A

intracellular

Parasitology Lab (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions