Lab 4 Flashcards
Similarities between Green Algae and Land Plants
a. Multicellular
b. Photoautotrophs
c. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b
d. Cellulose in cell walls
e. Carbohydrate stored as starch
f. Alternation of generations
Challenges of living on land
a. Obtaining enough water
b. Transporting water
c. Desiccation
d. Maintaining moist surface
e. Holding plan up
f. Reproduction with flagellated sperm
g. Coping with fluctuating temp, light, humidity and wind
h. Dispersal without water use.
Adaptations of Land plants
a. Stomata: gas exchange
b. Vascular tissue: to stand up straight to receive sunlight
c. Spore encased in Sporopollenin: for flagellated sperm, prevents desiccation
d. Gametangia: protects gametes from desiccation
e. Waxy cuticle: prevents desiccation
Bryophtyes and Pteridophytes
Bryophtyes and Pteridophytes are restricted to moist habitats because they become dormant in dry conditions they also need moist condition for their sperm because they have flagellated sperm
Xylem
conducts water and dissolved ions from the root system to the shoot system
Phloem
is made up primarily of specialized parenchyma cells, conducts sugars, amino acids, chemical signal and other substances throughout the plant body
Seed
i. Diploid
ii. Visible, larger
iii. Has food source
iv. Germinates to give sporophyte
Spore
i. Haploid
ii. Microscopic
iii. No food source
iv. Germinates to give gametophyte
Pollen
a. Can move gametes without the presence of water
b. Exposed to air without drying out
c. Carried by wind or animals
d. In seed plants
e. Microspores develop into tiny gametophytes that is surrounded by a tough coat
f. Pollen transfer to ovules
g. Allows for fertilization to occur in the absence of water
Seed structure
a. Complex structure with specialized tissues to protect enclosed embryos
b. Store carbohydrates, lipids and proteins used to provide energy for seedling development
c. An embryo, food supply and tough protective coat
d. Sporophyte doesn`t have to live in same place as the parent
e. Makes embryos portable
f. New locations
Flowers
a. Most diverse plants
b. 4 whorls of modified leaves called floral organs
c. Complete, incomplete, perfect, or imperfect flower
d. Increase pollination with animals dispersing
Fruit
a. Types of fruits
i. Simple fruit
ii. Aggregate fruits
iii. Multiple fruit
iv. Accessory fruit
b. Can be dry or fleshy
c. Purpose is to protect and disperse seeds
Where fruit and seed develops
Fruit: structure derived from the ovary and that enclosed one or more seeds
seed: ovule develops into seed
Stamen
male reproduction
- Filament
- Anther
Filament
a stalk
Anther
contains chambers called microsporangia that produce pollen
a. 4 microsporangia
b. Microspores produced within microsporangia via meiosis, each develops into haploid gametophyte with 2 cells
i. Generative cell
ii. Tube cell
Carpel
Female reproduction
a. Ovary
b. Stigma
c. Style
Ovary
at base, contains ovules which contain megasporangium within megaspores are produced via meiosis. Surviving megaspore develops into female gametophyte
Style
slender neck
Stigma
at top of style that is sticky landing platform for pollen
Pistil
single carpel of a group of fused carpels
Simple Fruit
develop from single flower, with single carpel or several carpels fused together
Aggregate Fruit
develop from single flower, with more than one carpel forming a fruitlet, fruitlets are clustered together on a single receptacle
Multiple Fruit
develop from many flowers that are clustered tightly, walls of ovaries thicken and they fuse together and become incorporated into one fruit
Accessory Fruit
develop when floral parts contribute to the fruit, apple core is the ovary
