Lab 4

Question 1

Similarities between Green Algae and Land Plants

Answer 1

a. Multicellular
b. Photoautotrophs
c. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b
d. Cellulose in cell walls
e. Carbohydrate stored as starch
f. Alternation of generations

Question 2

Challenges of living on land

Answer 2

a. Obtaining enough water
b. Transporting water
c. Desiccation
d. Maintaining moist surface
e. Holding plan up
f. Reproduction with flagellated sperm
g. Coping with fluctuating temp, light, humidity and wind
h. Dispersal without water use.

Question 3

Adaptations of Land plants

Answer 3

a. Stomata: gas exchange
b. Vascular tissue: to stand up straight to receive sunlight
c. Spore encased in Sporopollenin: for flagellated sperm, prevents desiccation
d. Gametangia: protects gametes from desiccation
e. Waxy cuticle: prevents desiccation

Question 4

Bryophtyes and Pteridophytes

Answer 4

Bryophtyes and Pteridophytes are restricted to moist habitats because they become dormant in dry conditions they also need moist condition for their sperm because they have flagellated sperm

Question 5

Xylem

Answer 5

conducts water and dissolved ions from the root system to the shoot system

Question 6

Phloem

Answer 6

is made up primarily of specialized parenchyma cells, conducts sugars, amino acids, chemical signal and other substances throughout the plant body

Question 7

Seed

Answer 7

i. Diploid
ii. Visible, larger
iii. Has food source
iv. Germinates to give sporophyte

Question 8

Spore

Answer 8

i. Haploid
ii. Microscopic
iii. No food source
iv. Germinates to give gametophyte

Question 9

Pollen

Answer 9

a. Can move gametes without the presence of water
b. Exposed to air without drying out
c. Carried by wind or animals
d. In seed plants
e. Microspores develop into tiny gametophytes that is surrounded by a tough coat
f. Pollen transfer to ovules
g. Allows for fertilization to occur in the absence of water

Question 10

Seed structure

Answer 10

a. Complex structure with specialized tissues to protect enclosed embryos
b. Store carbohydrates, lipids and proteins used to provide energy for seedling development
c. An embryo, food supply and tough protective coat
d. Sporophyte doesn`t have to live in same place as the parent
e. Makes embryos portable
f. New locations

Question 11

Flowers

Answer 11

a. Most diverse plants
b. 4 whorls of modified leaves called floral organs
c. Complete, incomplete, perfect, or imperfect flower
d. Increase pollination with animals dispersing

Question 12

Fruit

Answer 12

a. Types of fruits
i. Simple fruit
ii. Aggregate fruits
iii. Multiple fruit
iv. Accessory fruit
b. Can be dry or fleshy
c. Purpose is to protect and disperse seeds

Question 13

Where fruit and seed develops

Answer 13

Fruit: structure derived from the ovary and that enclosed one or more seeds
seed: ovule develops into seed

Question 14

Stamen

Answer 14

male reproduction

1. Filament
2. Anther

Question 15

Filament

Answer 15

a stalk

Question 16

Anther

Answer 16

contains chambers called microsporangia that produce pollen

a. 4 microsporangia
b. Microspores produced within microsporangia via meiosis, each develops into haploid gametophyte with 2 cells
i. Generative cell
ii. Tube cell

Question 17

Carpel

Answer 17

Female reproduction

a. Ovary
b. Stigma
c. Style

Question 18

Ovary

Answer 18

at base, contains ovules which contain megasporangium within megaspores are produced via meiosis. Surviving megaspore develops into female gametophyte

Question 19

Style

Answer 19

slender neck

Question 20

Stigma

Answer 20

at top of style that is sticky landing platform for pollen

Question 21

Pistil

Answer 21

single carpel of a group of fused carpels

Question 22

Simple Fruit

Answer 22

develop from single flower, with single carpel or several carpels fused together

Question 23

Aggregate Fruit

Answer 23

develop from single flower, with more than one carpel forming a fruitlet, fruitlets are clustered together on a single receptacle

Question 24

Multiple Fruit

Answer 24

develop from many flowers that are clustered tightly, walls of ovaries thicken and they fuse together and become incorporated into one fruit

Question 25

Accessory Fruit

Answer 25

develop when floral parts contribute to the fruit, apple core is the ovary