Lab 4

Question 1

compared to the necturus, mammals have many bony projections. What is the general purpose of these projections, and why would necturus need them?

Answer 1

for muscle attachment –> walk differently, jumping, holding neck up

Question 2

the coracoid of Necturus remains in the pectoral girdle of mammals, but fused to the scapula as the coracoid process. Which of the 3 main bones of the Necturus pectoral girdle is no longer present in mammals?

Answer 2

procoracoid

Question 3

what is the brachium

Answer 3

upper arm –> humerus

Question 4

what is the antebrachium

Answer 4

lower arm (forearm) - radius and ulna

Question 5

which of the bones in the antebrachium is in the lateral positon?

Answer 5

ulna

Question 6

what does it mean for a cat to be digitate?

Answer 6

it can walk on its toes

Question 7

which of the bones in the lower leg is in the lateral position

Answer 7

fibula

Question 8

which of the pelvic bones is ventral and anterior

Answer 8

pubis

Question 9

which is ventral and posterior

Answer 9

ishium

Question 10

which makes contact with the sacral vertebrae

Answer 10

ilium

Question 11

comparing the forelimb and the hindlimb, how are the attachments to the axial skeleton differen?

Answer 11

forelimb – musclular attachment
bone attachments – illlium (bony articulation)

Question 12

which of the original tetrapod digits are present in the bird forelimb

Answer 12

1st, 2nd, and 3rd

Question 13

most of the carpals have fused with metacarpals to form what

Answer 13

carpometacarpus

Question 14

describe what you notice about the pectoral girdle – explain its functional relevance

Answer 14

scapula articulates (bone-bone) with pectoral gurdle –> helps for flight

Question 15

what is unique abut the antebrachium, and what might explain the utlity of such an arrangement (bat)

Answer 15

only 1 bone – lost the ulna
- lighter for flight

Question 16

how do the number of bones that make up the digits compared to the cat (bat)

Answer 16

5 digits with 3 phalanges

Question 17

what part of the skeleton makes up the most support of the wing (bat)

Answer 17

digits –> skin of wing

Question 18

the humerus has an extremely large bump called a deltopectoral crest. Why would deltoid and pectoralis msucles need such a large attachment? What function would they have (pterosaur skeleton)

Answer 18

muscle attachment, massive to support body

Question 19

reptiles, like mammals, inherited 5 digits from their common ancestor. But, the pterosaur has lost digit I. Which digit makes up most of the support of the wing (pterosaur skeleton)

Answer 19

4

Question 20

how many phalanges are present in that digit ^^^ digit number 4 (pterosaur skeleton)

Answer 20

4
the other digits have 3

Question 21

describe what you notice about the pectoral girdle. explain the relevance (pterosaur skeleton)

Answer 21

lot wider compared to pelvic girdle –> good for flying

Question 22

cannon bone (horse)

Answer 22

3rd metacarple

Question 23

splint bones (2)(horse)

Answer 23

metacarpal (2 and 4)

Question 24

pastern and coffin bone (horse)

Answer 24

phalanges of the 3rd digit

Question 25

how many phalanges are present (horse)

Answer 25

3

Question 26

what is unique about the radius and the ulna (horse)

Answer 26

mostly fused

Question 27

what does it mean to be unguilgrade (horse)

Answer 27

walks on hooves