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BIOL 240 Lab > Lab 3 Terminology > Flashcards

Lab 3 Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage

A
  • dense connective tissue that functions to provide structural support
  • live cells: chondrocytes reside in lacunae
  • matrix: polysaccharides and protein fibres
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2
Q

compact bone

A
  • appears solid when viewed with the naked eye

- contains lacunae, canaliculi, haversian canals, Voldmann’s canals and bone matrix

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3
Q

trabecular bone (2)

A
  • composed of framework of hard, branching trabeculae that is filled with marrow in living bones
  • appears porous to the naked eye
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4
Q

bone (4)

A
  • hard, dense tissue
  • matrix: protein fibres and calcium phosphate
  • living cells: osteocytes
  • formed by ossification
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5
Q

epimere

A
  • dermatome
  • sclerotome
  • myotome
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6
Q

dermatome

A
  • dermis
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7
Q

sclerotome

A
  • vertebrae and ribs
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8
Q

myotome

A
  • most skeletal muscle
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9
Q

somatic hypomere mesoderm

A
  • appendicular skeleton
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10
Q

splanchnic hypomere mesoder

A
  • heart and vessels

- smooth muscles of digestive tract

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11
Q

somatic ectoderm

A
  • epidermis
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12
Q

neural plate ectoderm

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord

- parts of eye

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13
Q

neural crest ectoderm

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • splanchnocranium
  • parts of chondrocranium
  • parts of teeth
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14
Q

endoderm

A
  • lining of archenteron
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15
Q

amphiceolous

A
  • centrum shape for actinopterygii and chondrichthyes
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16
Q

acoelous

A
  • centrum shape for mammalia
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17
Q

proceolous

A
  • intervertebral body on posterior side of centrum
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18
Q

opisthocoelous

A
  • intervertebral body on anterior side of centrum
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19
Q

gnathostome fish vertebral regions

A
  • trunk

- caudal

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20
Q

amphibia vertebral regions

A
  • cervical
  • trunk
  • sacral
  • caudal
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21
Q

amniotes vertebral regions

A
  • cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal
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22
Q

urostyle

A
  • in frogs/toads: caudal vertebrae fused and high modified
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23
Q

atlas (3)

A
  • ring-like and lacks centrum
  • associates with the skull
  • movement of head up and down
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24
Q

axis (2)

A
  • second cervical vertebrae in amniotes

- odontoid process that fits in atlas, allowing for side to side movement

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25
Q

pygostyle

A
  • fusion of most posterior caudal vertebrae in aves
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26
Q

synsacrum

A
  • fusion of sacral, and some lumbar, thoracic and caudal vertebrae that will fuse with the pelvic girdle in aves
27
Q

uncinate processes

A
  • found on ribs where each fused to the next posterior rib

- aves

28
Q

sacrum

A
  • fusion of all sacral vertebrae in mammals where the pelvic girdle attaches to
29
Q

sternum (2)

A
  • site for chest muscle attachment

- may attach to ribs to form a rib cage to protect internal organs

30
Q

keel

A
  • in aves, the sternum is a large bone element with a keel for attachment of flight muscles
31
Q

post-temporal bone

A
  • of the pectoral girdle attaches girdle directly to the skull
32
Q

clavicle (2)

A
  • dermal element of skeleton

- connect the front limbs to the body; collarbones in humans

33
Q

furcula

A
  • fusion of clavicles, sometimes called the wishbone
34
Q

scapula

A

a large triangular-shaped bone that lies in the upper back

35
Q

pelvic girdle elements

A
  • ilium (lateral wing)
  • ischium (dorsal)
  • pubic (ventral)
36
Q

forelimbs (6)

A
  • humerus: upper limb
  • radius: anterior
  • ulna: posterior, often forms elbow
  • carpals: wrist bones
  • metacarpals: hands
  • phalanges: digits
37
Q

hindlimbs

A
  • femur: upper limb
  • tibia: thicker
  • fibula: thinner
  • tarsals: ankle bones
  • metatarsals: foot
  • phalanges: digits
38
Q

plantigrade

A
  • phalanges, metacarpals, and carpals all on ground
39
Q

digitigrade

A
  • phalanges touch the ground
40
Q

unguilgrade

A
  • only nails touch the ground (hoove in horses)
41
Q

capsules

A
  • olfactory
  • optic
  • otic
42
Q

first pharyngeal arch

A
  • mandibular arch
43
Q

second pharyngeal arch

A
  • hyoid arch
44
Q

paleostyly

A
  • vertebrates without jaws: myxinoidea and petromyzontida

- all pharyngeal arches support the gills

45
Q

autostyly

A
  • holocephali
  • jaw: palatoquadrate forms upper and Meckel’s cartilage forms lower from mandibular arch
  • directly attached to chondrocranium
  • no support from hyoid arch
46
Q

hyostyly

A
  • elasmobranchii
  • palatoquadrate and meckel’s cartilage
  • hyomandibular of hyoid arch forms swinging bridge that allows for jaw protrusion
  • loose attachment to chondrocranium
47
Q

modified hyostyly

A
  • actinopterygii
  • quadrate and articular bones articulate
  • hyomandibular + other bones forms swinging bridge that is loosely attached to skull
  • highly mobile joints -> kinetic structure
  • upper jaw: premaxilla and maxilla
48
Q

metautostyly

A
  • most amphibians and sauropsids

- quadrate and articular articulate, but quadrate bone attached directly to brain case

49
Q

streptostyly

A
  • metautostyly, but the quadrate fuses firmly with the braincase
  • amphibia, testudinata, crocodilia
50
Q

columella

A
  • tiny bone of middle ear derived from hyomandibula

- in most amphibians and sauropsids

51
Q

craniostyly

A
  • mammals
  • entire upper jaw completely fused to brain case
  • lower haw composed of single dermal bone: dentary
  • articulates with squamosal bone of braincase
52
Q

middle ear bones of mammals

A
  • incus and malleus from quadrate and articular bones

- stapes from the hyomandibula

53
Q

secondary palate

A
  • fully developed in mammals, birds, and crocodilia, but birds are all soft
  • lepidosauria lack palate
  • testudinata have partial
54
Q

anapsid

A
  • no TF
  • otic notch
  • turtles
55
Q

diapsid

A
  • 2 pairs of TF

- eureptilia

56
Q

synapsid

A
  • mammals

- 1 pair of TF

57
Q

acrodont

A
  • base of each tooth attaches to surface of jaw
58
Q

pleurodont

A
  • one side of each tooth fused to inner surface of jaw
59
Q

thecodont

A
  • teeth securely anchored in socket of jaw with roots
60
Q

heterodont

A
  • incisors, canines, premolars, molars
61
Q

carnivores

A
  • long and sharp canine teeth

- carnassials

62
Q

herbivores

A
  • diastema: large gap between incisors and molars
63
Q

herbivores

A
  • diastema: large gap between incisors and molars

BIOL 240 Lab (3 decks)

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