Lab 3 Terminology Flashcards
cartilage
- dense connective tissue that functions to provide structural support
- live cells: chondrocytes reside in lacunae
- matrix: polysaccharides and protein fibres
compact bone
- appears solid when viewed with the naked eye
- contains lacunae, canaliculi, haversian canals, Voldmann’s canals and bone matrix
trabecular bone (2)
- composed of framework of hard, branching trabeculae that is filled with marrow in living bones
- appears porous to the naked eye
bone (4)
- hard, dense tissue
- matrix: protein fibres and calcium phosphate
- living cells: osteocytes
- formed by ossification
epimere
- dermatome
- sclerotome
- myotome
dermatome
- dermis
sclerotome
- vertebrae and ribs
myotome
- most skeletal muscle
somatic hypomere mesoderm
- appendicular skeleton
splanchnic hypomere mesoder
- heart and vessels
- smooth muscles of digestive tract
somatic ectoderm
- epidermis
neural plate ectoderm
- CNS: brain and spinal cord
- parts of eye
neural crest ectoderm
- peripheral nervous system
- splanchnocranium
- parts of chondrocranium
- parts of teeth
endoderm
- lining of archenteron
amphiceolous
- centrum shape for actinopterygii and chondrichthyes
acoelous
- centrum shape for mammalia
proceolous
- intervertebral body on posterior side of centrum
opisthocoelous
- intervertebral body on anterior side of centrum
gnathostome fish vertebral regions
- trunk
- caudal
amphibia vertebral regions
- cervical
- trunk
- sacral
- caudal
amniotes vertebral regions
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal
urostyle
- in frogs/toads: caudal vertebrae fused and high modified
atlas (3)
- ring-like and lacks centrum
- associates with the skull
- movement of head up and down
axis (2)
- second cervical vertebrae in amniotes
- odontoid process that fits in atlas, allowing for side to side movement
pygostyle
- fusion of most posterior caudal vertebrae in aves
synsacrum
- fusion of sacral, and some lumbar, thoracic and caudal vertebrae that will fuse with the pelvic girdle in aves
uncinate processes
- found on ribs where each fused to the next posterior rib
- aves
sacrum
- fusion of all sacral vertebrae in mammals where the pelvic girdle attaches to
sternum (2)
- site for chest muscle attachment
- may attach to ribs to form a rib cage to protect internal organs
keel
- in aves, the sternum is a large bone element with a keel for attachment of flight muscles
post-temporal bone
- of the pectoral girdle attaches girdle directly to the skull
clavicle (2)
- dermal element of skeleton
- connect the front limbs to the body; collarbones in humans
furcula
- fusion of clavicles, sometimes called the wishbone
scapula
a large triangular-shaped bone that lies in the upper back
pelvic girdle elements
- ilium (lateral wing)
- ischium (dorsal)
- pubic (ventral)
forelimbs (6)
- humerus: upper limb
- radius: anterior
- ulna: posterior, often forms elbow
- carpals: wrist bones
- metacarpals: hands
- phalanges: digits
hindlimbs
- femur: upper limb
- tibia: thicker
- fibula: thinner
- tarsals: ankle bones
- metatarsals: foot
- phalanges: digits
plantigrade
- phalanges, metacarpals, and carpals all on ground
digitigrade
- phalanges touch the ground
unguilgrade
- only nails touch the ground (hoove in horses)
capsules
- olfactory
- optic
- otic
first pharyngeal arch
- mandibular arch
second pharyngeal arch
- hyoid arch
paleostyly
- vertebrates without jaws: myxinoidea and petromyzontida
- all pharyngeal arches support the gills
autostyly
- holocephali
- jaw: palatoquadrate forms upper and Meckel’s cartilage forms lower from mandibular arch
- directly attached to chondrocranium
- no support from hyoid arch
hyostyly
- elasmobranchii
- palatoquadrate and meckel’s cartilage
- hyomandibular of hyoid arch forms swinging bridge that allows for jaw protrusion
- loose attachment to chondrocranium
modified hyostyly
- actinopterygii
- quadrate and articular bones articulate
- hyomandibular + other bones forms swinging bridge that is loosely attached to skull
- highly mobile joints -> kinetic structure
- upper jaw: premaxilla and maxilla
metautostyly
- most amphibians and sauropsids
- quadrate and articular articulate, but quadrate bone attached directly to brain case
streptostyly
- metautostyly, but the quadrate fuses firmly with the braincase
- amphibia, testudinata, crocodilia
columella
- tiny bone of middle ear derived from hyomandibula
- in most amphibians and sauropsids
craniostyly
- mammals
- entire upper jaw completely fused to brain case
- lower haw composed of single dermal bone: dentary
- articulates with squamosal bone of braincase
middle ear bones of mammals
- incus and malleus from quadrate and articular bones
- stapes from the hyomandibula
secondary palate
- fully developed in mammals, birds, and crocodilia, but birds are all soft
- lepidosauria lack palate
- testudinata have partial
anapsid
- no TF
- otic notch
- turtles
diapsid
- 2 pairs of TF
- eureptilia
synapsid
- mammals
- 1 pair of TF
acrodont
- base of each tooth attaches to surface of jaw
pleurodont
- one side of each tooth fused to inner surface of jaw
thecodont
- teeth securely anchored in socket of jaw with roots
heterodont
- incisors, canines, premolars, molars
carnivores
- long and sharp canine teeth
- carnassials
herbivores
- diastema: large gap between incisors and molars
herbivores
- diastema: large gap between incisors and molars
