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BIOL 240 Lab > Lab 2 Terminology > Flashcards

Lab 2 Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

animal pole (3)

A
  • animal pole is located at the top of the egg
  • has a lower concentration of yolk than the vegetal pole
  • cells that divide near the animal pole are smaller than cells near the vegetal pole due to the lack of yolk
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2
Q

vegetal pole (3)

A
  • vegetal pole is located at the bottom of the egg
  • has a higher concentration of yolk than the animal pole
  • cells that divide near the vegetal pole are larger than cells near the animal pole due to the abundance of yolk
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3
Q

blastocoel (3)

  • defintion (2)
  • function
A
  • hollow space inside the blastula formed during blastula formation
  • lined by undifferentiated/non-specialized cells
  • no specific function, just a step that has to occur during development
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4
Q

blastopore

A
  • opening in the blastula outer surface
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5
Q

archenteron (5)

A
  • “early gut”
  • new space formed within the embryo during gastrulation
  • gives rise to the lumen of the digestive tract
  • this space is lined by endoderm cells
  • completely displaces the blastocoel
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6
Q

coelom (2)

  • development
  • fate
A
  • hollow space that forms between the two hypomere mesoderm layers
  • gives rise to major body cavities of the adult
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7
Q

mesolecithal (4)

  • yolk size
  • vertebrate type
  • blastocoel and cell size (2)
A
  • vertebrate egg type with a moderate amount of yolk
  • embryo formed in amphibians
  • large yolk causes blastocoel to be small and unevenly distributed (lies closer to the animal pole where there is less yolk)
  • uneven cell size: larger cells near the vegetal pole where there is more yolk and smaller cells near the animal pole where there is less yolk
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8
Q

microlecithal (4)

  • yolk size
  • vertebrate type
  • blastocoel and cell size (2)
A
  • vertebrate egg type with little yolk
  • embryo formed in amphioxus or eutherian mammals
  • due to small egg size, blastocoel takes up even distribution in the blastula
  • more even cell sizes across the blastula
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9
Q

macrolecithal (3)

  • yolk size
  • vertebrate type
  • blastocoel and cell size
A
  • vertebrate egg type with large yolk
  • embryo formed in birds and many fish
  • embryo initially develops as a flattened yolk disk sitting on top of the enormous yolk (yolk is not incorporated into the cell)
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10
Q

egg

A
  • female sex cell or gamete
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11
Q

yolk (2)

A
  • the nutritive material of an egg

- used as food by a developing, embryonic animal

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12
Q

ectoderm (2)

A
  • “outer skin”

- outer layer of cells

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13
Q

mesoderm (2)

A
  • “middle skin”

- middle layer of cells, sandwiched between the ectoderm and the endoderm

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14
Q

endoderm (2)

A
  • “inner skin”

- most inner layer of cells that line cavities within the egg

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15
Q

epidermal ectoderm (2)

A
  • surface ectoderm

- gives rise to tissues on the outer surface of the body

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16
Q

notochord (3)

A
  • arises from the medial region of the mesoderm
  • a flexible rod that provides structural support
  • signalling centre that directs cells
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17
Q

neural plate ectoderm

A
  • thickened plate of ectoderm cells that lie on the dorsal side of the egg
  • formed in early neurulation/late gastrulation
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18
Q

neural crest (3)

  • development
  • function
  • fate
A
  • cells that separate from the neural folds during neurulation
  • most ectoderm cells are organized into large sheets, but neural crest cells can migrate independently through the embryo
  • highly mobile cells will give rise to wide variety of structures in the adult
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19
Q

neural tube (2)

  • development
  • fate
A
  • formed when the neural folds fuse together to form a hollow tube during neurulation
  • gives rise to the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and parts of the eyes
20
Q

neurocoel (2)

  • development
  • fate
A
  • hollow cavity in the neural tube that is formed during neurulation
  • becomes the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
21
Q

epimere mesoderm (3)

A
  • “on top middle skin”: the mesoderm that is located near the dorsal portion of the embryo
  • forms somites in the trunk region
  • further differentiates into dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome
22
Q

mesomere mesoderm

A
  • “middle middle skin”: the mesoderm that is located in the mid-section of the embryo
23
Q

hypomere mesoderm (2)

A
  • “bottom middle skin”: mesoderm located near the ventral portion of the embryo
  • solid sheet of hypomere mesoderm splints into two layers: somatic hypomere and splanchnic hypomere
24
Q

myotome mesoderm

A
  • formed from epimere mesoderm

- gives rise to skeletal muscles

25
Q

dermatome mesoderm

A
  • gives rise to dermis and connective tissue

- formed from epimere mesoderm

26
Q

sclerotome mesoderm

A
  • formed from epimere mesoderm

- gives rise to vertebrae and ribs

27
Q

somatic mesoderm

A
  • top layer of hypomere mesoderm
28
Q

splanchnic mesoderm

A
  • bottom layer of hypomere mesoderm
29
Q

somatopleure (2)

A
  • extra-embryonic ectoderm and somatic hypomere mesoderm

- form amnion and chorion

30
Q

splanchnopleure (2)

A
  • extra-embryonic endoderm and splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

- form yolk sac and allantois

31
Q

homologous structures (2)

A
  • features that share a common ancestry: structures arise from the same structure in their MCRA
  • structures that are homologous may also be similar in function and appearance, but this is not true for all homologous structures
32
Q

phylogenetic tree (2)

A
  • graphical representation of HYPOTHESIZED evolutionary relationships among taxa
  • can use genetics, traits, behaviours, geography, etc to construct phylogenies
33
Q

convergent evolution

A
  • produces similar characters that are NOT the result of inheritance from a common ancestor
34
Q

deuterostome development (2)

A
  • during gastrulation, the blastopore will form in the posterior region of the embryo
  • contrasts protostome development
35
Q

larva

A
  • stage in the development of many animals, occurring after birth or hatching and before the adult form is reached
36
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord (4)

  • structure
  • function
  • development
  • location
A
  • hollow, fluid-filled structure
  • forms the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)
  • formed by invagination of ectoderm during neurulation
  • located dorsal to the digestive tract, and
37
Q

notochord (4)

  • structure
  • development
  • location
  • function
A
  • slender, flexible rod capable of lateral flexion (bending from side to side) but not axial compression (getting shorter from end to end)
  • forms from mesoderm
  • located dorsal to the digestive tract but ventral to the central nervous system
  • provide support for locomotion by lateral undulation (propelling the body forward by bending the body from side to side)
38
Q

pharynx

A
  • region of the digestive tract located just posterior to the mouth
39
Q

pharyngeal slits (2)

A
  • openings in the walls of the pharynx

- arranged one after the other from anterior to posterior

40
Q

post-anal tail (3)

  • structure
  • location
  • function
A
  • muscular structure
  • located posterior to the anus
  • lateral undulation of the post-anal tail is often used for locomotion
41
Q

cranium (2)

A
  • supports and protects the brain and other sensory structures
  • composed of cartilage and/or bone.
42
Q

tunic (2)

A
  • protective structure that is secreted by the epidermis and surrounds the body
  • composed mostly of the protein tunicin and the polysaccharide cellulose
43
Q

myomeres (3)

  • structure (2)
  • development
A
  • segmental blocks of skeletal muscle separated by layers of connective tissue - part of the body wall and are arranged in a series from anterior to posterior
  • arise from the myotome epimere mesoderm of the somites
44
Q

endostyle (2)

A
  • produces sticky mucus

- arises from ventral side of pharynx

45
Q

gonads (2)

A
  • primary reproductive organs

- responsible for producing sperm and ova and secreting hormones

BIOL 240 Lab (3 decks)

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