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Anatomy and Physiology Lab Midterm > Lab 3 Review: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lab 3 Review: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

humoral stimuli

A

Changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients
directly stimulates secretion of hormones

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2
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

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3
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to
release their hormones (tropic effect)

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4
Q

hypophysis synonym

A

pituitary gland

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5
Q

pituitary gland synonym

A

hypophysis

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6
Q

neurohypophysis synonym

A

Posterior pituitary

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7
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

-neurohypophysis
*Extension of the hypothalamus
*Contains the terminal ends of the neuroendocrine cells
*Releases (does not synthesize) 2 neurohormones…ADH and oxytocin, which are made in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

(adenohypophysis)
*Glandular epithelial tissue
*Synthesizes and releases ~6 hormones
*Regulated by hypothalamic releasing or
inhibiting hormones
*Has vascular connections to hypothalamus

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9
Q

adenohypophesis synonym

A

anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Prolactin (PRL)
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

FLATPiG

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
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12
Q

How are anterior pituitary glands released?

A

Hormonal/glandular, not neural:
-When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.
-Hypothalamic hormones travel through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary (hormones synthesized in the anterior pituitary)

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13
Q

What actions stimulate the release of oxytocin, and what does oxytocin do in response?

A

-posterior pituitary/neurohyphophesis
-sense receptors in nipples during breastfeeding: triggers milk ejection in lactation
-stretch receptors in cervix/uterus during childbirth: stimulates contractions

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14
Q

What actions stimulate the release of ADH (vasopressin), and what does ADH do in response?

A

-posterior pituitary/neurohyphophesis
-Released with activation of hypothalamic osmoreceptors when they sense high solute concentrations (Na+)
-in response: ADH inhibits urine formation in the renal tubules (reabsorption of water, no pee), and this fluid retention offsets high osmolarity

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15
Q

What controls growth hormone (GH) release?

A

-anterior pit/adenohypophesis
-growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin “body stasis”): neurohormones released by the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Function/response of growth hormone release:

A

-Stimulates growth of all cells: Main targets are liver, bone and skeletal muscle
-metabolic effects: Promotes breakdown of fat stores
and stored glucose for use as fuel (use fat to grow)

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17
Q

somatostatin

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (“body stasis”)

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18
Q

imbalances of growth hormone

A

gigantism and acromegaly

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19
Q

what controls the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/thyrotropin

A

-anterior pituitary
-Released in response to thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus

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20
Q

function of TSH

A
  • Stimulates the normal development and secretory
    activity of the thyroid (tropic)
  • Release of thyroid hormones
    (T3/T4)
    -(think: hypothalamus makes thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which makes AP gland make and release TSH, which acts on thyroid gland, which then releases T3 and T4): tropic cascade
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21
Q

what controls the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Released in response to hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in a daily rhythm
  • Also, released in response to acute stress
22
Q

CRH

A

-corticotropin-releasing hormone: produced in hypothalamus and stimulates release of ACTH
-produced in a daily rhythm and in response to acute stress

23
Q

function of ACTH

A

-ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol)
– Tropic effect
-glucocorticoids: sugar and stress

24
Q

gonadotropin hormones

A

LH and FSH

25
Q

what controls the release of gonadotropins?

A
  • Release triggered by hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty
26
Q

function of gonadotropins:

A
  • Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and sperm production: Necessary for reproduction (FSH)
  • Promotes production of sex hormones (LH)
27
Q

what controls the release of prolactin?

A
  • Release is primarily controlled by hypothalamic
    prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
    -Also known as dopamine (I’m happy and chilled out and baby is full so i can stop)
28
Q

what is the function of prolactin?

A

-Stimulates milk production by mammary glands: Lactation

29
Q

thyroid gland (location, types of cells that make it, what does it release)

A

-Bi-lobed endocrine gland located in the anterior neck,
on the trachea just inferior to the larynx
-consists of two types of endocrine cells:
* Follicle cells that produce thyroglobulin
* Parafollicular cells that produce the hormone
calcitonin
-releases thyroid hormones t3 and t4, which are derived from iodinated thyroglobulin, which is produced by follicle cells

30
Q

follicle cells

A

one of two cells found in thyroid gland, produce thyroglobulin, which are used to make thyroid hormones t3 and t4 in the presence of iodine

31
Q

parafollicular cells

A

one of two cells found in thyroid gland, produce calcitonin

32
Q

thyroid hormone: source and function

A

-made from thyroglobulin and iodine (t3 and t4), the former of which is produced by follicle cells in the thyroid gland
-increases metabolic rate and heat production
-plays a role in: heart function, tissue growth, development of skeletal and nervous systems, reproductive capabilities

33
Q

Grave’s disease

A

hyperthyroidism: too much thyroid hormone production. bulging eyes (exophthalmos), thyroid enlargement, heat intolerance, anxiety

34
Q

calcitonin

A

-produced by parafollicular cells (c cells) of the thyroid gland
-“tones down blood calcium” and stimulates uptake of calcium in bones, and tells osteoclasts to stop their activity

35
Q

hypothyroidism

A

low thyroid hormone, usually from lack of iodine. creates a goiter in the throat/thyroid area.

36
Q

parathyroid glands (location, types of cells that make it, function)

A
  • 4 – 8 glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
  • Contain oxyphil (unknown) and chief cells (secrete PTH, which increases blood Ca)
37
Q

function and source of PTH

A

-parathyroid hormone
-secreted by chief cells of parathyroid gland
-the main regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis (Ca is critical for life processes including neuronal transmission and
muscle contraction)
-PTH is released in response to falling levels of blood Ca2+; acts to increase blood Ca (opposite of calcitonin): stimulates breakdown of bone matrix, enhances reabsorption of Ca by the kidneys, promotes activation of vitamin D by the kidneys which increases absorption of Ca by intestines

38
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

-inner core of the adrenal gland
-nervous tissue; part of the sympathetic nervous system
-Synthesizes and secrete catecholamines (epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)) in response to stress: fight or flight
-sympathetic nervous system

39
Q

catecholamines

A

-epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%). synthesized
-released by the adrenal medulla –nervous tissue (think acetocholamine, made by nerves)
-Release triggered by activation of the sympathetic
nervous system (SNS): Fight or flight
-Promotes survival processes: Metabolic rate, Bronchial dilation, Glycogen breakdown, Cardiac muscle contraction, Directs blood flow to critical organs (e.g. brain, heart)

40
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

-outer three layers of the adrenal gland
-glandular tissue
-synthesizes and secretes corticosteroids

41
Q

*hormones and functions of the different zones of the adrenal cortex

A
42
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Go For a Run:
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (salt)
zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (sugar)
zona reticularis: androgens (sex)

43
Q

*imbalances of adrenal hormones

A
  • Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids
    – Aldosteronism
  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
    – Addison’s disease
  • Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
    – Cushing’s syndrome
44
Q

cells of the pancreas

A

exocrine (acinar cells for digestion) and endocrine (islets of langerhans cells: alpha and beta cells)
-alpha cells: produce glucagon
-beta cells: produce insulin

45
Q

alpha cells

A

-part of islets of langerhans in pancreas
-produce glucagon

46
Q

beta cells

A

-part of islets of langerhans in pancreas
-produce insulin

47
Q

glucagon

A

-produced by alpha cells in pancreas
-acts on liver to increase blood glucose (“i’m hungry and faint, where oh where has glucagon!!”)
-Glycogenolysis—breakdown of glycogen to
glucose
-Gluconeogenesis—synthesis of glucose from
lactic acid and non-carbohydrates

48
Q

insulin

A

-produced by beta cells in pancreas
-acts at skeletal muscle, liver and fat to ↓ blood glucose
-Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-Enhances membrane transport of glucose
into fat and muscle cells

49
Q

*OGTT (glucose tolerance test)

A

100 vs 125 dm/ml etc

50
Q

*glandular histology

A

Anatomy and Physiology Lab Midterm (5 decks)

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