Lab 3 Basic Bone and Tooth Bio Flashcards
is the study of the structure and form of the bony skeleton, which includes assessments of gross anatomy as well as different degrees of microscopic structure.
Osteology
is the study of the structure and form of teeth, or the dentition.
Odontology
is the study of the shape and appearance of the skeleton and dentition.
Morphology
how the human body is oriented with respect to the directions and planes of reference
the body is standing with the feet pointing forward and planted on the ground, the head is facing forward, and the palms are facing forward.
Standard Anatomical Position
towards the head, or top, of the body
Superior (cranial / cephalic)
towards the bottom away from the head, the opposite of superior, Caudal means towards the tail in quadrupeds
Inferior (Caudal)
towards the front. ventral means towards the stomach in quadrupeds
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the back, the opposite of Anterior
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward the midline of the body
(meaning closer to the midline. Does the blue line seem to indicate a position towards the center of the skull)
Medial
Away from the midline, the opposite of medial
(refers to something that is away from the midline of the body. Can you identify if the blue line is positioned towards the side of the skull or closer to the center?)
Lateral
away from the surface of the body, inner
internal (deep)
Toward the surface of the body, outer
external (superficial)
Toward the palm of the hands, the opposite of ________ is dorsal
Palmar
Toward the sole of the foot, the opposite of ________
is dorsal
Plantar
toward or near the axial skeleton, or main mass of the body
(is typically used to describe positions closer to the trunk of the body, but in the context of the skull, it might not be the most relevant term.)
Proximal
away from axial skeleton, or main mass of the body, opposite of proximal
Distal
Some individuals also have extra bones in the joints of their skull. These are called -
sutural bones, or ossicles, or Wormian bones.
all bone is composed of two components:
collagen and hydroxyapatite.
_________ is the primary protein component of bone that produces flexibility.
Collagen
_______ a calcium phosphate mineral that provides rigidity to bone.
Hydroxyapatite
________ is an inherited genetic condition in which collagen production is impaired. The result is a skeleton prone to sudden fracture
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
_____ means visible to the naked eye without magnification
Gross
the two types of bones visible without magnification
- compact bone (cortical bone)
- spongy bone, trabecular, cancellous bone
___________ is the smooth, dense bone found on the external surfaces of elements and also lines the interior of the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Compact bone (cortical bone)
____________ is the hollow space within long bones where yellow marrow is stored, a fatty reserve located exclusively in the long bones.
Medullary cavity
_______ is porous, is found inside bones and not on the external surface. Its purpose is to provide lightweight structural support. In the flat bones of the skull, this is called diploe.
Spongy, trabecular, cancellous bone
___________ is responsible for the production of blood cells - hematopoietic
( blood producing ) stem cells differentiate into red and white blood cells as well as platelets.
red marrow
This center of bone development is penetrated by blood vessels that supply nutrients, and the initial site of penetration becomes the___________, which connects the yellow marrow to the blood supply of the body
nutrient foramen
to make bone
ossification
primary center of ossification is called ______ which forms the shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
The periosteum is home to a type of bone cell called an ______
osteoblast
On the inner surface of the medullary cavity is another layer of connective tissue called the ________
endosteum
The endosteum is home to a type of bone cell called an _______
(primary function is to remove bone)
osteoclast
When bone begins as an uncalcified collagen precursor and ends as a complete long bone with multiple epiphyses fused to the diaphysis - a process called ______
endochondral ossification
Bone increases in length on both ends as osteoblasts produce more bone at the end of the diaphysis
Longitudinal growth (easy concept)
with __________ growth osteoblasts located underneath the periosteum that covers the external surface produce additional bone in a series of layers. These layers are called lamellae. At the same time, the medullary cavity is formed by the activity of osteoclasts located in the endosteum. Osteoclasts remove bone. Thus, the long bone can expand in diameter without increasing significantly in weight. This process is guided by a series of genes responsible for new cell formation, bone production, bone removal, and regulator genes that guide this process.
Appositional growth
is coagulated blood that attempts to stop any internal bleeding
hematoma
within a few days of repair bone called ______ is laid down. to stabilize the fracture through the formation of primary fracture callus.
woven or immature bone
How does the Haversion system contribute to the function of compact bone?
by delivering blood and nutrients to dense bone
In the context of bone growth, what is the primary function of the periosteum?
to house osteoblasts for new bone formation
the body will remove bone where it is not needed and add new bone where it is needed in response to functional demands is called ________
“use it or lose it”
Wolff’s law
Cervical Thoracic and Lumbar
the 3 types of vertebrae
Anterior / posterior
useful for sex estimates
the sacrum
composed of the bones of the upper and lower limbs including pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and those of the hands and feet
Appendicular Skeleton
acts as a strut, holding the arm away from the torso
the clavicle
Ilium, Ischium, pubis
os coxa
most common joint
the shoulder, elbow, hip
allow maximum movement between the skeletal elements.
synovial joints / diathroses
Which type of joint allows for the most movement between bones?
Synovial joint
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?
to remove old or damaged bone tissue
