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PORG LAB > LAB #3 > Flashcards

LAB #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the title of experiment number 3

A

Extraction and recrystallization

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2
Q

A process that selectively dissolves one or more compounds into an appropriate solvent the resulting solution is called an extract

A

Extraction

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3
Q

It refers to the transfer of compounds from one liquid solvent to another one

A

Extraction

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4
Q

Can be used to separate unwanted impurities or to separate mixtures of compounds

A

Extraction

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5
Q

The two solvents used for extraction must be____

A

Immiscible

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6
Q

Can be defined as the preparations of crude drugs which contain all the constituents which are soluble in the solvent

A

Extract

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7
Q

It is the solid residue obtain after extraction

A

Marc

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8
Q

It is the solvent used for extraction

A

Menstruum

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9
Q

Principles of extraction

A

To pull out a compound from one layer into another

A compound partitions more toward where it is more soluble (equilibrium)

Multiple extractions may be needed to completely extract a substance

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10
Q

Factors affecting extraction process

A

Nature of drug
Solvent
Temperature
pH
Particle size

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11
Q

Methods of extraction

A

Infusion
Decoction
Digestion
Maceration
Percolation
Continues hot extraction

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12
Q

These are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or boiling water

A

Fresh infusions

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13
Q

These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs

A

Infusion

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14
Q

Two types of infusion

A

Fresh infusion
Concentrated infusion

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15
Q

Example given for fresh infusion

A

Infusion of orange

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16
Q

Example given for concentrated infusion

A

Concentrated infusion of quassia

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17
Q

In this process the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for the fine time it is then cooled and strained for filtered

A

Decoction

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18
Q

This procedure is suitable for extracting water soluble heat stable constituents

A

Decoction

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19
Q

This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction

A

Digestion

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20
Q

It is used when moderately and elevated temperature is not objectionable

A

Digestion

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21
Q

During this process the solvent efficiency of the menstruum is there by increased

A

Digestion

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22
Q

Example given for digestion

A

Extraction of morphine

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23
Q

In this process solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with a hole of the solvent and allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days with frequent agitation until soluble matter is dissolved

A

Maceration

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24
Q

The mixture is then strained through sieves or nets where the mark pressed and the combined liquids clarified or cleaned by filtration or by decantation after standing

A

Maceration

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25
Q

It is continuous downward displacement of the solvent through the bed of crude drug material to get extract

A

Percolation

26
Q

Most frequently used to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts

A

Percolation

27
Q

It is the method of short successive maceration or process of displacement

A

Percolation

28
Q

This is the instrument used in percolation

A

Percolator

29
Q

Two kinds of percolator

A

Conical and cylindrical

30
Q

Five steps in percolation

A

Size reduction
Imbibition
Packing
Maceration
Percolation

31
Q

Enumerate the parts of soxhlet extractor

A

Cooling water out
Cooling water in
Condenser
Expansion adapter
Thimble
Siphon
Distillation path
Round bottom flask
Hot plate

32
Q

It continuous the extraction of a component from a solid mixture

A

Soxhlet extractor

33
Q

Flowchart for the separation of immiscible liquids

A

Extract
Separate
Dry
Evaporate

34
Q

It is a liquid substance capable to dissolve other substances without chemical changes

A

Solvent

35
Q

Type of solvents

A

Molecular structure of solvents
Inorganic solvents
Organic solvents

36
Q

It is the ability of a substance to dissolve another substance is determined by compatibility of their molecular structures

A

Molecular structure of solvents

37
Q

Types of molecular structure of solvents

A

Polar protic solvents
Dipolar aprotic solvents
Non-polar solvents

38
Q

It consists of a polar group OH and a nonpolar tail

A

Polar protic molecule

39
Q

The structure may be represented by a formula R-OH

A

Polar protic solvents

40
Q

It dissolves other substance with polar protic molecular structure

A

Polar protic solvents

41
Q

These are miscible with water or they are hydrophilic

A

Polar protic solvents

42
Q

Examples of polar protic solvents

A

Water
Acetic acid
Methanol
Ethanol
N-propanol
N-butanol

43
Q

Possess a large bond dipole moment

A

Dipolar aprotic molecules

44
Q

They do not contain OH group

A

Dipolar aprotic solvents

45
Q

Examples of dipolar aprotic solvents

A

Acetone
Ethyl acetate
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Acetonitrile
Dimethylformamide

46
Q

They are hydrophobic or immiscible with water

A

Nonpolar solvents

47
Q

They are lipophilic as they dissolve nonpolar substances such as oils fats and greases

A

Nonpolar solvents

48
Q

Examples of nonpolar solvents includes

A

Carbon tetrachloride
Benzene
Diethyl ether
Hexane
Methylene chloride

49
Q

The most popular inorganic solvents

A

Water and aqueous solutions containing special additives including surfactants detergents PH buffers and inhibitors

50
Q

Other inorganic solvents includes

A

Liquid anhydrous ammonia
Concentrated sulfuric acid
Sulfuryl chloride fluoride

51
Q

It is a type of volatile organic compound which vaporize at room temperature

A

Organic solvents

52
Q

They are useful for dissolving certain materials and substances and are often used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products footwear paints varnishes and adhesives

A

Organic solvents

53
Q

Types of organic compounds used as solvents includes

A

Aromatic compounds
Alcohols
Esters and ethers
Ketones
Amines
Nitrated and halogenated hydrocarbons

54
Q

In choosing the solvents what should be the miscibility of the solvents

A

2 immiscible solvents, a polar one and a nonpolar one

55
Q

These are less dense than water and thus the water tends to move to the bottom

A

Nonpolar hydrocarbons and ethers

56
Q

These are more dense than water so the water will be on top

A

Chlorinated solvents

57
Q

It is defined as a drug because it stimulates the central nervous system causing increased alertness

A

Caffeine

58
Q

It gives most people a temporary energy boost and elevates smooth

A

Caffeine

59
Q

Is caffeine soluble in water

A

Yes

60
Q

Staffing is soluble in water but it is more soluble in

A

DCM or dichloromethane

PORG LAB (8 decks)

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