Lab #2 Intro

Question 1

Anadramous

Answer 1

Feed and grow in the ocean, and return to freshwater to spawn (Pacific Salmon)

Question 2

Catadramous

Answer 2

Feed and grow in the freshwater, and return to the ocean to spawn (Atlantic eel)

Question 3

Gnathostomata

Answer 3

This is the superclass of jawed vertebrates

Question 4

Osteichthyes

Answer 4

This is the superclass of bony fishes

Question 5

Sarcopterygii

Answer 5

This is the class mainly extinct lobe-finned fishes, modern lungfishes and coelacanths

Question 6

Actinopterygii

Answer 6

Class of ray-finned fishes

Question 7

Polypteriformes

Answer 7

The ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes
Bichirs and reedfish
Freshwater in Africa and Nile

Question 8

Acipenseriformes

Answer 8

The order of basal ray-finned fishes after Polypteriformes
Sturgeons and paddlefishes

Question 9

Neopterygii

Answer 9

Subclass of all advanced ray-finned fishes

Question 10

Lepisosteriformes

Answer 10

This is the order of the gars

Question 11

Amiiformes

Answer 11

This is the order of the bowfins

Question 12

Teleostei

Answer 12

The largest infraclass of ray-finned fishes

Question 13

Osteoglossiformes

Answer 13

This is a primitive order of ray-finned fishes that are fresh water

Question 14

Anguilliformes

Answer 14

Order of Eels and ray-finned fishes

Question 15

Clupeiformes

Answer 15

The order that contains the families of anchovies and herring
One of most important food fish

Question 16

Cosmine

Answer 16

A dentine-like substance that coats the dermal parts of the skull

Question 17

lepidotrichia

Answer 17

Form soft rays of fins, dermal origin and likely come from scales

Question 18

Physostomous

Answer 18

Swim bladder condition that opens to the intestine

Question 19

Physoclistous

Answer 19

Swim bladder condition that is closed

Question 20

Opisthocoelous

Answer 20

Early vertebrae condition that is concave at the posterior end of each vertebrae

Question 21

Amphicoelous

Answer 21

Derived vertebrae condition with concavity on both ends of vertebrae, improves flexibility

Question 22

Lungfish Traits

Answer 22

Modern species in freshwater
2 Functional lungs (plus gills)
Bony central axis of paired fins, fin rays off axis
Tooth plate in mouth (teeth absent)
Premaxilla, maxilla and dentary bones missing
Pore filled cosmine coating dermal bones of skull

Question 23

Coelocanth Traits

Answer 23

Diphycercal caudal fin (3 lobes) middle is fleshy
Propulsion by alternating dorsal and anal fin
Rostral organ (head) for electroreception
First dorsal fin hollow spines
No internal nostril
cosmine in large scales

Question 24

Actinopterygii Traits

Answer 24

Jaw Structure: cranial kinesis, excluding maxilla from gape, protrusion of mouth for sucking prey, premaxilla acts as a pivot

Pharyngeal Arches: Development of teeth here for additional grinding

Swim Bladder: Shift from its role as an accessory respiratory organ to buoyancy. Change from open to closed condition

Vertebrae: Change from opisthocoelous to amphicoelous

Pectoral Fins: Move from ventral and wide to lateral and narrow

Pelvic Fins: Movement from posterior abdominal to anterior thoracic position

Dorsal Fins: general trend to spiny fins, first dorsal spiny and second soft often

Scales: From heavy (ganoid) enamel-based to soft and lighter scales (ctenoid and cycloid)

Question 25

Polypteriformes Traits

Answer 25

Inhale water or air through the mouth using elastic energy, to expel air (air recoil breathing), not found in any others

In poor oxygen water, they are obligate air breathers. Spiracles used to expel spent air

Tail is internally heterocercal but externally symmetrical

Numerous unusual finlets, each with vertical spine

Question 26

Acipenseriformes Traits

Answer 26

Cartilaginous skeletons (ancestors had bones)

Heterocercal tail, and single dorsal fin near tail

Reduced scale cover, 5 rows of scutes

Greater number of rays in fins than basal

unusual jaw suspension, 4 barrels and highly protrusible mouth

Question 27

Lepisosteiformes Traits

Answer 27

Hinged, interlocking ganoid scales
Skeleton is all bony
Unique hinged opisthocoelous vertebrae (convex anterior, concave posterior)
Highly vascularized swim bladder (used as lung when needed)
Only North American freshwater fish with toxic eggs

Question 28

Amiiformes Traits

Answer 28

Teleost like amphicoelous vertebrae
Thick, heavy skulls with canine like teeth
Single median gular plate under lower jaw
cycloid scales

Question 29

Osteoglossiformes Traits

Answer 29

Freshwater
Bonytoungue (common name) is considered the least derived of teleosts
Intestine passes posterior, left of stomach and esophagus (this is opposite of most)
Premaxilla is small and fused to skull (lacks mobility)

Question 30

Anguilliformes Traits

Answer 30

All have leptocephalus larvae
Pelvic girdle lost, pectoral fins/girdle also absent in some
Premaxilla, vomer and ethmoid bones of the upper jaw fused
maxilla toothed and forms the gape
Scales small, often absent (cycloid when present)

Question 31

Clupeiformes Traits

Answer 31

Body compressed in most
Jaws not protrusible
Plankton feeders (numerous gill rakers)
Otophysic gas bladder: extends to inner ear, increase ear and lateral line sensitivity
Pelvic axillary process: small, triangular, modified scale, dorsal to base of pelvic fin
Sharp bony scute form ventral keel
Pneumatic duct: from swim bladder opens to gut/anus (communication)