Lab #2 Intro Flashcards
Anadramous
Feed and grow in the ocean, and return to freshwater to spawn (Pacific Salmon)
Catadramous
Feed and grow in the freshwater, and return to the ocean to spawn (Atlantic eel)
Gnathostomata
This is the superclass of jawed vertebrates
Osteichthyes
This is the superclass of bony fishes
Sarcopterygii
This is the class mainly extinct lobe-finned fishes, modern lungfishes and coelacanths
Actinopterygii
Class of ray-finned fishes
Polypteriformes
The ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes
Bichirs and reedfish
Freshwater in Africa and Nile
Acipenseriformes
The order of basal ray-finned fishes after Polypteriformes
Sturgeons and paddlefishes
Neopterygii
Subclass of all advanced ray-finned fishes
Lepisosteriformes
This is the order of the gars
Amiiformes
This is the order of the bowfins
Teleostei
The largest infraclass of ray-finned fishes
Osteoglossiformes
This is a primitive order of ray-finned fishes that are fresh water
Anguilliformes
Order of Eels and ray-finned fishes
Clupeiformes
The order that contains the families of anchovies and herring
One of most important food fish
Cosmine
A dentine-like substance that coats the dermal parts of the skull
lepidotrichia
Form soft rays of fins, dermal origin and likely come from scales
Physostomous
Swim bladder condition that opens to the intestine
Physoclistous
Swim bladder condition that is closed
Opisthocoelous
Early vertebrae condition that is concave at the posterior end of each vertebrae
Amphicoelous
Derived vertebrae condition with concavity on both ends of vertebrae, improves flexibility
Lungfish Traits
Modern species in freshwater
2 Functional lungs (plus gills)
Bony central axis of paired fins, fin rays off axis
Tooth plate in mouth (teeth absent)
Premaxilla, maxilla and dentary bones missing
Pore filled cosmine coating dermal bones of skull
Coelocanth Traits
Diphycercal caudal fin (3 lobes) middle is fleshy
Propulsion by alternating dorsal and anal fin
Rostral organ (head) for electroreception
First dorsal fin hollow spines
No internal nostril
cosmine in large scales
Actinopterygii Traits
Jaw Structure: cranial kinesis, excluding maxilla from gape, protrusion of mouth for sucking prey, premaxilla acts as a pivot
Pharyngeal Arches: Development of teeth here for additional grinding
Swim Bladder: Shift from its role as an accessory respiratory organ to buoyancy. Change from open to closed condition
Vertebrae: Change from opisthocoelous to amphicoelous
Pectoral Fins: Move from ventral and wide to lateral and narrow
Pelvic Fins: Movement from posterior abdominal to anterior thoracic position
Dorsal Fins: general trend to spiny fins, first dorsal spiny and second soft often
Scales: From heavy (ganoid) enamel-based to soft and lighter scales (ctenoid and cycloid)
Polypteriformes Traits
Inhale water or air through the mouth using elastic energy, to expel air (air recoil breathing), not found in any others
In poor oxygen water, they are obligate air breathers. Spiracles used to expel spent air
Tail is internally heterocercal but externally symmetrical
Numerous unusual finlets, each with vertical spine
Acipenseriformes Traits
Cartilaginous skeletons (ancestors had bones)
Heterocercal tail, and single dorsal fin near tail
Reduced scale cover, 5 rows of scutes
Greater number of rays in fins than basal
unusual jaw suspension, 4 barrels and highly protrusible mouth
Lepisosteiformes Traits
Hinged, interlocking ganoid scales
Skeleton is all bony
Unique hinged opisthocoelous vertebrae (convex anterior, concave posterior)
Highly vascularized swim bladder (used as lung when needed)
Only North American freshwater fish with toxic eggs
Amiiformes Traits
Teleost like amphicoelous vertebrae
Thick, heavy skulls with canine like teeth
Single median gular plate under lower jaw
cycloid scales
Osteoglossiformes Traits
Freshwater
Bonytoungue (common name) is considered the least derived of teleosts
Intestine passes posterior, left of stomach and esophagus (this is opposite of most)
Premaxilla is small and fused to skull (lacks mobility)
Anguilliformes Traits
All have leptocephalus larvae
Pelvic girdle lost, pectoral fins/girdle also absent in some
Premaxilla, vomer and ethmoid bones of the upper jaw fused
maxilla toothed and forms the gape
Scales small, often absent (cycloid when present)
Clupeiformes Traits
Body compressed in most
Jaws not protrusible
Plankton feeders (numerous gill rakers)
Otophysic gas bladder: extends to inner ear, increase ear and lateral line sensitivity
Pelvic axillary process: small, triangular, modified scale, dorsal to base of pelvic fin
Sharp bony scute form ventral keel
Pneumatic duct: from swim bladder opens to gut/anus (communication)
