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A+P II midterm > lab 2 blood > Flashcards

lab 2 blood Flashcards

1
Q

abnormally low white blood cell count/ below 4000 cells per mmᶟ

A

Leukopenia

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2
Q

blood clotting

A

Coagulation

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3
Q

Introduction to Leukocytes

-Flow through the_____ and move in and out of ______ via _______ to areas with ________

A
  • white blood cells
  • 4,800-10,800 cells/mmᶟ
  • Help protect the body from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and tumor cells
  • Flow through the bloodstream and move in and out of blood vessels via diapedesis to areas with inflammation or tissue damage
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4
Q

Blood Typing

A

Blood typing is a system of blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the erythrocyte plasma membrane

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5
Q

Anemia

A

condition in which the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism. May result from a decrease in RBCs or decreased hemoglobin content in the RBCs.

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6
Q

anti-Rh antibodies

A

NOTE* Neither the blood of Rh-positive or Rh-negative carries preformed anti-Rh antibodies. However, after exposure to Rh⁺ blood an Rh¯ individual will form Rh antibodies. On future exposures to Rh⁺ blood, clumping and hemolysis of the donor erythrocytes occurs.

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7
Q

baby and mother rh situation

prevention

A

erythroblastosis

Rh¯ mother and an Rh+ father

1st baby -If the baby is Rh⁺ antigens from the babies blood will be passed to the mother when the baby is born and the mother will form Rh antibodies

If untreated, and the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh⁺ baby, the antibodies produced during the first pregnancy will cross the placenta and destroy the RBCs of the second Rh⁺ baby, a condition known as Erythroblastosis fetalis.

PREVENTION: To prevent this from happening, RhoGam is given to the mother before or shortly after the first birth to ensure a healthy second birth.

RhoGam contains anti-Rh agglutinins so agglutinates the Rh factor, it blocks the mother’s immune response and prevents her sensitization to Rh⁺ antigens.

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8
Q

increased WBCs, over 11,000 cells per microliter, is a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body

A

Leukocytosis

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9
Q

ABO Blood Typing

A
  • The ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of 2 agglutinogens: Type A and Type B.
  • Blood type can be A, B, AB, or O
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10
Q

Platelets

are platelets cell?

A
  • 150,000-400,000/mm3
  • cell fragments of megakaryocytes, so not cells
  • function in hemostasis
  • occurs in the plasma when blood vessels are ruptured
  • Platelets stick to the damaged site and form a temporary plug
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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • 25% or more of the WBC population and are second most numerous leukocytes
  • Nucleus occupies most of the cell volume
  • Closely associated with lymphoid tissue and play a crucial role in immunity

Two types:

B-lymphocytes- give rise to plasma cells which in turn produce antibodies

T-lymphocytes- directly attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells

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12
Q

Basophils

A
  • rarest WBCs, account for less than 1% of all leukocytes
  • basophil granules contain histamine which acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site
  • they do not participate directly in the immune response, they call for HELP

-purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

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13
Q

antigen

A

agglutinogen

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14
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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15
Q

Antigens-

The ________________ the __________are antigens

these antigens promote _____
so

the _______ determine ones ______

when a transfusion occurs with mismatched blood types, the transfused cells become ______ and _______

A

anything that the body perceives as foreign and generates an immune response

  • The glycoproteins on the surface of the erythrocytes are antigens
  • These antigens promote agglutination, so they are called agglutinogens
  • The agglutinogens determine one’s blood type
  • When a transfusion occurs with mismatched blood types, the transfused cells become agglutinated and destroyed by antibodies
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16
Q

Leukemia

A

overproduction of abnormal WBCs, accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets

17
Q

Centrifuging

A

centrifugal force packs down heavier formed elements in a capillary tube, and less dense plasma remains at the top. (In order: plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), and erythrocytes at the bottom)

18
Q

WBCs abundance

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
19
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2-4% of all leukocytes
  • the nucleus is shaped like a figure 8 or is bilobed
  • attack parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
  • play a complex role in allergies and asthma
  • red cytoplasmic granules
20
Q

Antibodies

A

(agglutinins) - preformed antibodies in the plasma

- Act against RBCs carrying antigens that are not present on a person’s own RBC and cause them to clump together

21
Q

Blood Components

A

Whole blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%). formed elements =buffy coat(leukocytes and platelets)(less than 1%)t+erythrocytes(45%)

22
Q

Erythrocytes are

  • The ____ formed element
  • ______blood cells
  • function in ____
  • also ____-
A
  • the most abundant formed element
  • red blood cells
  • 4-6 million cells/mmᶟ
  • Biconcave discs
  • Have no nucleus or organelles when mature
  • Most numerous blood cells
  • Function in gas transport with hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood
  • Also transports about 20% of carbon dioxide released by tissue cells back to the lungs
23
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

monocytes

24
Q

abnormal excess of RBCs that increases blood viscosity.

A

Polycythemia-

25
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of RBCs present in a given volume

26
Q

Average blood volume: Adult males, adult females

A

males=5-6 L

females=4-5 L

27
Q

Blood color ranges from scarlet to dark red

A

(oxygen-rich)(oxygen-poor)

28
Q

Universal recipient= Universal donor

A

Universal recipient=Blood type AB⁺

Universal donor= Blood type O¯

29
Q

Two Major classifications of Leukocytes:

A

agranulocytes and granulocytes

30
Q

neutrophiles

A

Neutrophils

  • most numerous WBCs (50-70% of the leukocyte population)
  • the nucleus has 3-6 lobes, multi lobed
  • numbers increase dramatically during acute bacterial infections
  • are chemically attracted to the site of inflammation and are active phagocytes
31
Q

Composition of Plasma

A

Plasma is a liquid

  • 90% water
  • 8% proteins
  • Albumin is the most common
  • The rest

Electrolytes, non-protein nitrogenous compounds, nutrients, gasses, hormones

32
Q

Rh factor

A
  • based on the presence of antigen D on the membrane of the erythrocyte
  • blood is classified as Rh positive or Rh negative
33
Q

antibody

A

agglutinin

34
Q

Blood Transfusion Compatibility

A

An individual may receive blood from any donor type to which they do not have antibodies for

35
Q

Sickle cell anemia-

A

abnormal hemoglobin, results from a change in one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule. Cell becomes irregular shaped and is not able to carry oxygen.

36
Q

Blood is the_______ in the body and is classified as a _______

A

only fluid tissue

connective tissue

37
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or impaired iron absorption (iron is a part of hemoglobin)

A+P II midterm (4 decks)

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