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BPK 142 - Laboratory > Lab 2/3 - Anthropometry & Arthrology > Flashcards

Lab 2/3 - Anthropometry & Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the standardized procedure for measuring skinfolds?

A
  • using skinfold caliper
  • all readings are taken on the right side of the body (except abdomen)
  • grasp skin girth thumb and index finger, continue to hold while measuring, release jaw and measure after 2-4 seconds
  • record reading to 0.5 mm
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2
Q

describe the standardized procedure for measuring girth

A
  • anthropometric tape
  • apply tape around largest circumference being snug but not causing indentation
  • record to the nearest mm
  • measure both left and right side and take largest girth
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3
Q

describe the standardized procedure for measuring bone width

A
  • bone calliper
  • locate medial and later epicondylar/condylar protrusions on the elbow/knee with fingers
  • put pen marks on the landmarks
  • apply calliper to elbow/knee joint at 90 degrees on medial and lateral epicondylar/condylar protrusions
  • widths of both sides should be taken, use larger one
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4
Q

discus the differnces between the Pollack and Jackson, Yuhasz, Durnin and Womersley, Peterson and Wang methods for the calculation of percentage body fat from skin folds

A
  • some calculations only involve skin folds while others use corrections for height, weight and age
  • most methods form equations based on a relatively small number of subjects with a targeted ethnicity
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5
Q

why would you not expect to get identical values from each method? which equation would you consider to be the most accurate

A
  • identical values will not be reached from the different methods because they use different equations and variable to arrive at the percentage of body fat
  • the yuhasz methods are to be most accurate because they are based on university students from canada and the u.s.
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6
Q

bioelectrical impedance techniques are used to determine percent body fat. describe the principle on which this technique is based?

A

the bioelectrical impedance technique is based on the principle that resistance to the flow of electrical current is higher in adipose tissue than in bone and muscle which are 71-75% water

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7
Q

describe the sources of error in the bioelectrical impedance techniques?

A
  • daily fluctuations on water content from exercise, dehydration, eating and drinking and body temp
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8
Q

in the O-scale system of body composition assessment, how is the adiposity rating used to help interpret the proportional weight rating?

A

those with low adiposity ratings, yet high proportional weight ratings are shown to be overweight rather than over-fat, this becomes helpful with very athletic people such as bodybuilders

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9
Q

with referencing the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following: stanine scale

A

arbitrary scale in comparisons to the normal distribution

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10
Q

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms: adiposity.

A

fat tissue rating

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11
Q

with referencing to the O-scale of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - proportional weight rating

A

fat to weight proportionality

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12
Q

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - balanced physique?

A

having equal adiposity and proportional weight ratings

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13
Q

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - dominant physique

A
  • non equal adiposity and proportional weight ratings
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14
Q

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - adiposity?

A

adiposity dominant, vise versa

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15
Q

in the canadian physical activity, fitness, and lifestyle appraisal- health body composition assessment procedure, what are the purposes of using the “sum of five skin folds” value and the waist girth measurement?

A

the purpose of using these values is to acknowledge where any extra fat, if any, is located on the body, as it poses a greater risk if it is located in the abdominal area

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16
Q

sagittal plane?

A

left and right halves

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17
Q

frontal plane?

A

anterior and posterior halves

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18
Q

transverse plane?

A

superior and inferior

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19
Q

medial?

A

near the midline of body

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20
Q

lateral?

A

away from midline of body

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21
Q

superior?

A

toward head

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22
Q

inferior?

A

toward feet

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23
Q

anterior?

A

to the front

24
Q

posterior?

A

to the back

25
Q

proximal?

A

towards the trunk

26
Q

distal?

A

away from the trunk

27
Q

internal?

A

away from the skin surface

28
Q

external?

A

on skin surface

29
Q

what are the functions of the hip joint?

A
  • very stable compared to shoulder
  • wide range of movements but not as mobile as shoulder
  • bears body weight
  • allows us to run/walk
30
Q

what are the functions of the shoulder joint?

A
  • ball and socket - mobility
  • stability
  • the rotator muscles pull the humeral head superiorly and medially toward the glenoid fossa
  • clavicle keeps arm out and away from body
31
Q

what are the functions of the knee joint?

A
  • large and complex
  • weight bearing
  • locomotion
  • location of patella and quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament provides better angle of pull and result in greater strength of quads
32
Q

abduction?

A

movement away from body

33
Q

adduction?

A

movement towards body

34
Q

extension?

A

straightening of a joint to 180 degrees

35
Q

flexion?

A

bending a joint to an acute angle

36
Q

rotation?

A

circular movement around a fixed point

37
Q

what joint contains the glenoid cavity and labrum?

A

shoulder

38
Q

what joint contains the cruciate ligaments and menisci?

A

knee joint

39
Q

what joint contains annular ligament and head of radius?

A

elbow joint

40
Q

what joint contains acetabulum and iliofemoral ligament?

A

hip joint

41
Q

how do ligaments contribute to joint stability and mobility?

A
  • attaches bone to bone for stability
  • acts as a mechanical reinforcement in a synovial joint
  • gradually stretches when pressure is applied
  • limits the mobility of articulations or prevents them all together
42
Q

name bones that are distal to the humerus

A

radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals

43
Q

name bones that are proximal to the patella

A

femur
ilium
ischium
pubis

44
Q

name bones that are lateral to the sternum

A

rib cage
humerus
radius
ulna

45
Q

in the knee joint, what is the function of articular cartilage?

A

cushion between bones

46
Q

in the knee, what is the function of synovial fluid?

A

reduces friction and lubricates joint

47
Q

in the knee, what is the function of cruciate ligaments?

A

maintains stability in the anterior posterior direction

48
Q

in the knee, what is the function of collateral ligaments?

A

joins medial condyles of femur and tibia, joins joint capsule and medial meniscus

49
Q

in the knee, what is the function of menisci?

A

protective layer of cartilage held in place by ligament, disperse weight and reduce friction

50
Q

describe the function of the intervertebral disc during motion and in weight bearing

A
  • acts as a cartiliginous joint by allowing slight movement
  • acts as a ligament by holding vertebrae in place
  • acts as a shock absorber for the body’s daily activities and keeps vertebrae separate
51
Q

compare the structure and function of the elbow joint and knee joint

A
  • elbow: uniaxial(hinge and pivot), cartilage and synovial membrane
  • knee: uniaxial(hinge), largest point, very stable from ligaments and tendons, meniscus cartilage (shock absorber) and articular cartilage(ends of femur and tibia)
52
Q

what ligament of the hip joint keeps the body, when in anatomical position, from falling backward at the hip?

A

iliofemoral

53
Q

what two general types of joints are found in the vertebral column?

A

fibrous and cartilaginous

54
Q

why is the anatomical position so important in explaining the movement that are possible at joints?

A

precise terminology is required to describe joint movements and muscle actions

55
Q

name two of the joints that are considered to be part of the shoulder joint complex

A

acromioclavicular joint

sternoclavicular joint

BPK 142 - Laboratory (4 decks)

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