Lab 2/3 - Anthropometry & Arthrology Flashcards
describe the standardized procedure for measuring skinfolds?
- using skinfold caliper
- all readings are taken on the right side of the body (except abdomen)
- grasp skin girth thumb and index finger, continue to hold while measuring, release jaw and measure after 2-4 seconds
- record reading to 0.5 mm
describe the standardized procedure for measuring girth
- anthropometric tape
- apply tape around largest circumference being snug but not causing indentation
- record to the nearest mm
- measure both left and right side and take largest girth
describe the standardized procedure for measuring bone width
- bone calliper
- locate medial and later epicondylar/condylar protrusions on the elbow/knee with fingers
- put pen marks on the landmarks
- apply calliper to elbow/knee joint at 90 degrees on medial and lateral epicondylar/condylar protrusions
- widths of both sides should be taken, use larger one
discus the differnces between the Pollack and Jackson, Yuhasz, Durnin and Womersley, Peterson and Wang methods for the calculation of percentage body fat from skin folds
- some calculations only involve skin folds while others use corrections for height, weight and age
- most methods form equations based on a relatively small number of subjects with a targeted ethnicity
why would you not expect to get identical values from each method? which equation would you consider to be the most accurate
- identical values will not be reached from the different methods because they use different equations and variable to arrive at the percentage of body fat
- the yuhasz methods are to be most accurate because they are based on university students from canada and the u.s.
bioelectrical impedance techniques are used to determine percent body fat. describe the principle on which this technique is based?
the bioelectrical impedance technique is based on the principle that resistance to the flow of electrical current is higher in adipose tissue than in bone and muscle which are 71-75% water
describe the sources of error in the bioelectrical impedance techniques?
- daily fluctuations on water content from exercise, dehydration, eating and drinking and body temp
in the O-scale system of body composition assessment, how is the adiposity rating used to help interpret the proportional weight rating?
those with low adiposity ratings, yet high proportional weight ratings are shown to be overweight rather than over-fat, this becomes helpful with very athletic people such as bodybuilders
with referencing the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following: stanine scale
arbitrary scale in comparisons to the normal distribution
with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms: adiposity.
fat tissue rating
with referencing to the O-scale of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - proportional weight rating
fat to weight proportionality
with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - balanced physique?
having equal adiposity and proportional weight ratings
with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - dominant physique
- non equal adiposity and proportional weight ratings
with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - adiposity?
adiposity dominant, vise versa
in the canadian physical activity, fitness, and lifestyle appraisal- health body composition assessment procedure, what are the purposes of using the “sum of five skin folds” value and the waist girth measurement?
the purpose of using these values is to acknowledge where any extra fat, if any, is located on the body, as it poses a greater risk if it is located in the abdominal area
sagittal plane?
left and right halves
frontal plane?
anterior and posterior halves
transverse plane?
superior and inferior
medial?
near the midline of body
lateral?
away from midline of body
superior?
toward head
inferior?
toward feet
anterior?
to the front
posterior?
to the back
proximal?
towards the trunk
distal?
away from the trunk
internal?
away from the skin surface
external?
on skin surface
what are the functions of the hip joint?
- very stable compared to shoulder
- wide range of movements but not as mobile as shoulder
- bears body weight
- allows us to run/walk
what are the functions of the shoulder joint?
- ball and socket - mobility
- stability
- the rotator muscles pull the humeral head superiorly and medially toward the glenoid fossa
- clavicle keeps arm out and away from body
what are the functions of the knee joint?
- large and complex
- weight bearing
- locomotion
- location of patella and quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament provides better angle of pull and result in greater strength of quads
abduction?
movement away from body
adduction?
movement towards body
extension?
straightening of a joint to 180 degrees
flexion?
bending a joint to an acute angle
rotation?
circular movement around a fixed point
what joint contains the glenoid cavity and labrum?
shoulder
what joint contains the cruciate ligaments and menisci?
knee joint
what joint contains annular ligament and head of radius?
elbow joint
what joint contains acetabulum and iliofemoral ligament?
hip joint
how do ligaments contribute to joint stability and mobility?
- attaches bone to bone for stability
- acts as a mechanical reinforcement in a synovial joint
- gradually stretches when pressure is applied
- limits the mobility of articulations or prevents them all together
name bones that are distal to the humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
name bones that are proximal to the patella
femur
ilium
ischium
pubis
name bones that are lateral to the sternum
rib cage
humerus
radius
ulna
in the knee joint, what is the function of articular cartilage?
cushion between bones
in the knee, what is the function of synovial fluid?
reduces friction and lubricates joint
in the knee, what is the function of cruciate ligaments?
maintains stability in the anterior posterior direction
in the knee, what is the function of collateral ligaments?
joins medial condyles of femur and tibia, joins joint capsule and medial meniscus
in the knee, what is the function of menisci?
protective layer of cartilage held in place by ligament, disperse weight and reduce friction
describe the function of the intervertebral disc during motion and in weight bearing
- acts as a cartiliginous joint by allowing slight movement
- acts as a ligament by holding vertebrae in place
- acts as a shock absorber for the body’s daily activities and keeps vertebrae separate
compare the structure and function of the elbow joint and knee joint
- elbow: uniaxial(hinge and pivot), cartilage and synovial membrane
- knee: uniaxial(hinge), largest point, very stable from ligaments and tendons, meniscus cartilage (shock absorber) and articular cartilage(ends of femur and tibia)
what ligament of the hip joint keeps the body, when in anatomical position, from falling backward at the hip?
iliofemoral
what two general types of joints are found in the vertebral column?
fibrous and cartilaginous
why is the anatomical position so important in explaining the movement that are possible at joints?
precise terminology is required to describe joint movements and muscle actions
name two of the joints that are considered to be part of the shoulder joint complex
acromioclavicular joint
sternoclavicular joint
