Lab 2

Question 1

What are the components of the cell membrane, plasma membrane / plasmalemma? List and describe them

Answer 1

-Phospholipid Bilayer
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates
-Cholesterol
-Glycocalyx:
-Receptor Proteins
-Transport Proteins

Question 2

What makes a molecules different than an ion? What does a polar molecule have?

Answer 2

• molecules are typically electrically neutral due to the sharing of electrons in covalent bonds. In contrast, ions have an electrical charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons.
  -a polar molecule is characterized by the presence of polar covalent bonds and an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in a permanent dipole moment.

Question 3

solute

Answer 3

dissolves in water

Question 4

Solvent

Answer 4

is the water

Question 5

solution

Answer 5

Solvent +solute

Question 6

Define concentration gradient and equilibrium and know how they interrelate

Answer 6

when there is a concentration gradient (difference in concentration), particles tend to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. This movement continues until equilibrium is reached.

As particles move, the concentration gradient decreases, and as equilibrium is approached, the net movement of particles diminishes. At equilibrium, the concentration gradient is effectively eliminated, and the system becomes stable

Question 7

concentration gradient

Answer 7

when any type of molecule is confined by a membrane, the difference on each side of the membrane

Question 8

equilibrium

Answer 8

All molecules want to diffuse until their individual concentration are equally distributed on each side of a membrane, creating an energetic happy place _

Question 9

diffusion

Answer 9

is the simplest way for a molecule to move in or out of the cell

Question 10

Osmosis

Answer 10

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 11

Active transport

Answer 11

Movement against the concentration gradient is an process and requires energy to be spent moving molecules ‘‘against the grain’’,

Question 12

How does kinetic energy play a role in diffusion?

Answer 12

Kinetic energy plays a fundamental role in diffusion by driving the random movement of particles. As particles possess kinetic energy, they undergo constant, random motion, leading them to move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, ultimately contributing to the equalization of concentrations in a process known as diffusion.

Question 13

Explain how the cell membrane is selectively permeable.

Question 14

What are aquaporins?

Answer 14

transmembrane proteins that facilitate the movement of water molecules across cell membranes

Question 15

what percent of the cell is water

Answer 15

over 60%

Question 16

Intracellular

Answer 16

inside the cell

Question 17

Extracellular

Answer 17

outside the cell

Question 18

Interstitial

Answer 18

space between cells

Question 19

Intravascular fluids

Answer 19

fluids that are contained within the blood vessels, primarily the arteries, veins, and capillaries

Question 20

Isotonic

Answer 20

volume of the cells will not change

Question 21

hypertonic

Answer 21

water move out of cell and cell crenate (shrink/ shrivel)

Question 22

hypotonic

Answer 22

Water would move into the cell and possibly lyse ( burst )

Question 23

( what is normal saline solution) What effects do they have on normal cells? Crenate? Lyse?

Answer 23

Normal cytoplasm has a NaCl concentration of .9%

Question 24

What is an ‘‘artifact’’ in the world of microscopy?

Answer 24

refers to any unintended or artificial feature or distortion in an image that is not a true representation of the specimen

Question 25

Dialysis

Answer 25

is a process to separating smaller molecules from larger molecules in a solution

Question 26

Aliquot

Answer 26

one full squeeze of the plastic pipette bulb

Question 27

hemodialysis

Answer 27

medical procedure that helps remove waste and extra fluids from the blood when the kidneys are not working well. During hemodialysis, a machine circulates the blood through a special filter, called a dialyzer, which cleans the blood by removing waste and excess fluid before returning it to the body.

Question 28

Benedict’s reagent

Answer 28

is turquoise blue, when it reacts with glucose it turns olive green-orange

Question 29

Iodine tests

Answer 29

is the color of dark tea, when it react with starch, it turns into a dark purple-purple blac