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BIOL 223 Lecture 2 > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define joint

A

A point where two bones meet, Does not imply mobility. also be called Articulations

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2
Q

joint stability

A

Increase in stability means decrease in mobility

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3
Q

Joint Mobility

A

Increase in Mobility means decrease in stability

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4
Q

Structural (anatomy)

A

Surfaces of the bones of the joint.
Based upon whether the bones are directly connected via connective tissue or if there is a joint cavity.

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints (structural Classification)

A

Bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue

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6
Q

Cartilaginous Joints (structural Classification)

A

Bones are connected by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage)

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7
Q

Synovial Joints (structural Classification)

A

Articulation surfaces not directly connected but come into contact with one another in a joint cavity.

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8
Q

Define functional classifications of joints

A

Based upon amount of mobility between adjacent bones

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9
Q

synarthroses

A

Immobile or nearly immobile.
Very Strong - High stability, little or no mobility.

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10
Q

examples of synarthroses

A

Edges of bones may touch or interlock
May be fibrous or cartilaginous
Sutures in the skull

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11
Q

amphiarthroses

A

more movable than synarthrosis
Strong than a diarthrosis
may be fibrous or cartilaginous

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12
Q

Syndesmosis (Amphiarthroses Type)

A

bones connected by a ligament

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13
Q

Symphysis (Amphiarthroses Type)

A

bones connected by fibrocartilage

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14
Q

examples of amphiarthroses

A

intervertebral discs

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15
Q

uniaxial joint

A

Motion in a single plane
elbow - extension

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16
Q

biaxial joint

A

Motion within two planes
knuckle joint - move knuckles side to side. bend fingers apart or flex them

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17
Q

triaxial (multiaxial) joint

A

Motion within three planes
ball and docket joints - Shoulder and hip joint

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18
Q

sutures (skull)

A

between the bones of the skull
The temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint

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19
Q

fontanelles

A

found in newborn and infants
bones are further apart

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20
Q

Discuss the purpose of fontanelles

A

They provide flexibility during birth and for a rapid growth of the skull and brain

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21
Q

synostosis

A

location where bone is fused to bone and no more connective tissue is present.

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22
Q

synostosis example

A

synostosis is a metopic suture of the frontal bone

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23
Q

syndesmosis

A

syndesmosis is when two parallel bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue

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24
Q

syndesmosis example

A

Interosseous membrane - Broad sheet of connective tissue

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25
Q

gomphosis

A

Joint that is not between two bones. Anchors root of tooth into its boney socket of the mandible.

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26
Q

Periodontal ligaments

A

fibers that go in between tooth root and socket

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27
Q

synchondrosis

A

is when bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

synchondrosis temporary and permanent example

A

Epiphyseal plate is a joint that is temporary. It turns into epiphyseal line
First sternocostal joint (first rib and the manubrium) is a permanent synchondrosis

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29
Q

symphysis

A

is when bones are joined by fibrocartilage

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30
Q

symphysis Example

A

Pubic symphysis (where right and left hip bones come together)
Intervertebral discs

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31
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint

A

diarthroses - freely mobile joints
Surrounded by joint capsule
synovial membrane produces synovial fluid

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32
Q

Articular cartilage

A

a hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones. prevents bone on bone contact

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33
Q

Discuss the functions of synovial fluid

A

Thick, Slimy Fluid produced by the synovial membrane
Lubricates joint to reduce friction
Nourishes articular cartilage
Removes waste from articular cartilage

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34
Q

Extrinsic Ligaments

A

outside the joint capsule

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35
Q

Intrinsic Ligaments

A

fused to or incorporated in the joint capsule

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36
Q

intracapsular ligaments

A

found within the joint capsule

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37
Q

tendons

A

muscle is bound to the bone

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38
Q

Articular Discs

A

Fibrocartilage pads between articulating bones
Typically small and ovoid

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39
Q

Menisci

A

Fibrocartilage pads between articulating bones
Typically larger and C-Shaped

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40
Q

Describe function of articular discs and menisci

A

Both unite bones of the joint, provide shock absorption, and smooth movements between articulating bones

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41
Q

Bursae

A

Thin connective tissue sac filled with synovial fluid
Prevents friction between bones and overlying tendons or skin

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42
Q

Subcutaneous bursa

A

between skin and underlying bone - Patella bursa

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43
Q

Submuscular Bursa

A

between a muscle and underlying bone - trochanteric Bursa

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44
Q

Subtendinous Bursa

A

between tendon and underlying bone - Suprapatellar bursa

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45
Q

Tendon Sheath

A

not a bursa but similar concept - kind of like a bursa but smaller. surrounds a muscle tendon where the tendon crosses a joint. carpal tunnel

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46
Q

Pivot Joint

A

rounded portion of a bone enclosed within a ring
Uniaxial - rotation is around a single axis

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47
Q

Pivot Joint Examples

A

Atlantoaxial joint - between c1 and c2 allows you to shake your head.

Proximal Radioulnar joint - allows for supination and pronation

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48
Q

Hinge Joint

A

convex end of one bone articulate with concave end of adjoining bone.
Uniaxial - rotation is around a single axis

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49
Q

Hinge Joint Example

A

knee, ankle, elbow, interphalangeal joints

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50
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from the articulating bone
Biaxial - Motion within two planes

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51
Q

Condyloid joint example

A

metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
radiocarpal joint - between radius and carpal bones

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52
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Both articulating surfaces have a saddle shape (concave in one direction and convex in the other
Biaxial

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53
Q

Saddle Joint Example

A

First carpometacarpal (trapeziometacarpal) Joint - thumb opposable and reposition.
Sternoclavicular joint

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54
Q

Plane Joint

A

articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curves and similar size

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55
Q

Plane Joint Example

A

Intercarpal joints
intertarsal joints

56
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

rounded head of one bone fits into concave articulation of other bone

57
Q

ball-and-socket joint Examlpe

A

Hip - shoulder
Shoulder least stable joint in the body

58
Q

Flexion and Extension

A

Movements in the anterior-posterior plane (sagittal plane)

59
Q

Flexion

A

decreases angle between articulating bones

60
Q

Extension

A

increases angle between articulating bones

61
Q

Hyperextension

A

extension past anatomical position
Putting your hand out to say stop, hyperextension of the wrist.

62
Q

Abduction and Adduction

A

Movements in the frontal plane - medial lateral movements.

63
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from longitudinal axis (mid line)

64
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards longitudinal axis (mid line)

65
Q

Circumduction

A

A complete circular movement without rotation
when you draw a large circle in front of you your shoulder

66
Q

Rotational Movement

A

Rotation in reference to anatomical position
left or right rotation of the head

67
Q

Limb rotation is relative to longitudinal axis of body

A

Medial Rotation (internal rotation toward long axis)
Lateral Rotation (external rotation away from body)

68
Q

Pronation

A

Rotates forearm so that radius rolls across ulna
Results in palm facing posteriorly

69
Q

Supination

A

Turns palm anteriorly
Forearm is supinated in anatomical position

70
Q

Inversion

A

Twists sole of foot medially

71
Q

Eversion

A

Twists sole of foot laterally

72
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

73
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Extension at ankle (pointing toes)

74
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement in horizontal plane (forward scapula or mandible)

75
Q

Retraction

A

opposition of protraction (pulling back scapula or mandible)

76
Q

Depression

A

Moving a structure inferiorly (down scapula or mandible)

77
Q

Elevation

A

Moving a structure superior (up scapula or mandible)

78
Q

Lateral Excursion

A

Movement of mandible away from midline

79
Q

Medial excursion

A

Movement of mandible back to resting position on midline

80
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of thumb toward palm or other fingers

81
Q

Reposition

A

Opposite of Opposition

82
Q

General function and common properties of all muscle types

A

Cells are specialized for contraction
Common properties include: Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity

83
Q

functions of skeletal muscles

A

Move the body by pulling on bones
Maintaining posture and body position
Supporting Soft tissues
Guarding Body entrances and exits
Maintaining body temperature

84
Q

True of False Skeletal Muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

A

False: Skeletal muscle is Striated and Voluntary

85
Q

True or False Cardiac Muscle is Striated and Involuntary

A

True: Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary

86
Q

True or False Smooth Muscle is Striated and voluntary

A

False: Smooth Muscle is non-striated and involuntary

87
Q

Describe the Structure of Empimyisum

A

Epi = On top of My= Muscle
Epimysium is a layer of collagen fibers that surronds the muscle. Connected to deep fascia.

88
Q

Describe the function of Epimysium

A

Separates the muscle from surrounding tissues.

89
Q

Describe the structure of Perimysium

A

Peri = Around Suronds muscle fiber(myocyte) and Bundles (fascicles)

90
Q

Describe the function of Perimysium

A

Contains collagen fibers, elastic fibers, blood vessels, and nerves

91
Q

Describe the structure of Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers or myocytes)

92
Q

Describe the function of Endomysium

A

Contains capillary networks, myosatellite cells that repair damage, and nerve fibers

93
Q

Describe the structure of Tendons

A

Bundles of collagen fibers of the connective tissue and attaches skeletal muscles to bones

94
Q

Describe the structure of Aponeuroses

A

Sheets of collagen fibers of the connective tissue come together in sheets to attach skeletal muscles to bones

95
Q

Myofiber Structure

A

Enormous compared to other cells, contains hundreds of nuclei, also known as striated muscles cells.

96
Q

Myofiber Formation

A

Myofiber are developed by fusion of embryonic cells

97
Q

Describe the properties of the sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber, surrounds the sarcoplasm, is integral to muscle contractions

98
Q

Describe the function of Transverse Tubules

A

Transverse Tubules or T-Tubules extend from the surface of muscle fibers deep into sarcoplasm. Transmit action potentials from sarcolemma to cell interior.

99
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum or SR is a tubular network surrounding each myofibril. Specialized to store and release calcium ions.

100
Q

Myofibrils

A

Lengthwise subdivisions within a muscle fiber. Made of bundles of protein filaments

101
Q

Myofilaments (thin)

A

The Two Types of thin myofilaments are Actin and troponin

102
Q

Myofilaments (thick)

A

The two types of thick myofilaments Myosin

103
Q

Sacromeres

A

Functional unit of skeletal muscles, interaction between filaments produce contractions

104
Q

Thin filaments composition

A

Filamentous Actin, Tropomyosin, and Troponin

105
Q

Filamentous Actin

A

Twisted strand composed of two rows of globular G-actin molecules

106
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Covers the active sites on actin

107
Q

Troponin

A

Calcium sensor bound to tropomyosin and g actin

108
Q

Thick Filaments

A

Made up of myosin molecules

109
Q

Myosin Molecules Structure and Their Functions

A

Tail - binds to other myosin molecules. Head - projects toward nearest thin filament in the presence of ATP.

110
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Synapse between the motor neuron terminal and muscle fiber.

111
Q

Excitation

A

Is when a microfiber is stimulated by the action potential from a motor neuron.

112
Q

What happens after the microfiber is stimulated?

A

Calcium enters and activates the exocytosis of neurotransmitters.

113
Q

Excitation-Contraction coupling

A

Action potential arrives from t tubules, calcium binds to troponin and changes its shape, toponin complex changes position contraction is intitated

114
Q

Contraction Cycle

A

The contraction cycle begins when calcium causes the troponin to change position. This exposes the Actin’s active sites. Myson binds to the now exposed acting causing a cross-bridge formation. Myosin head pivots (power stroke) which causes the actin to slide. Cross bridge is detached.

115
Q

Relaxtion occures when

A

Motor neuron stops releasing Acetylcholine, runs out of ATP or Calcium

116
Q

What happens when relaxation occurs.

A

ACh degraded by acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft. Muscle fiber repolarizes, no more calcium release from Sarcoplasmic reticulum. SR refills with calcium. Troponin returns to its original shape. Tropomyosin covers actin

117
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose from blood and muscle produces ATP.

118
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

After glycolysis occurs if there is enough oxygen present at the site aerobic respiration will begin. Aerobic respiration converts the byproducts of glycolysis into ATP Carbon Dioxide and water.

119
Q

Muscle Strenght

A

related to number of myofibrils and sacromeres within each fiber

120
Q

Hypertrophy

A

when myofibers get larger

121
Q

Muscle Tension

A

the force generated by contraction

122
Q

Isotonic Contractions

A

Muscle changes length to move a load

123
Q

Isotonic Concentric Contraction

A

Muscle shortens - Lifting a weight up increasing tenstion

124
Q

Isotonic Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle Lengthens - Moving the weight down extends the muscle releasing tension

125
Q

Isometric Contractions

A

Muscle produces tension does not move a load Plank exercise

126
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron an all of the muscle fiber it controls

127
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

Tension is produced by a muscle fiber in relation to how far it is being made to extend the sarcomeres.

128
Q

Hypotonia

A

Adsence or reduced amount of muscle tone

129
Q

Hypertonia

A

Excessive muscle tone

130
Q

Slow Oxidative

A

Slow to contract slow to fatigue. Contracts slowly and uses aerobic resperation for ATP production

131
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

A

Fast to Contract and fast to fatigue. Contracts quickly and uses glycolysis and fermentation for ATP production

132
Q

Endurance Exercise

A

Cardio running a marathon. utilizies slow oxidative fibers. Does not Stimulate muscle hypertrophy,

133
Q

Resistance Training

A

Fast glycolytic fibers, short powerful non-repetitive movements. Stimulate hypertrophy. lifting weights.

134
Q

Describe overall characteristics of cardiac muscles

A

Found only in the heart, Excitable membranes, striated like skeletal muscles and involuntary.

135
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

pacemaker cells that set your heart rate and can do this regardless of nervous system input

136
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Junctions between cardiac myocytes. Gap junctions which allow for direct ion movement between adjacent cells. keeps heart beating rhythmically.

137
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Long, Slender, Spindle-shaped cells with a single central nucleus.

BIOL 223 Lecture 2 (3 decks)

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