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BIOL 223 Lecture 2 > BIOL 223 Lecture 3 > Flashcards

BIOL 223 Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain & Spinal Cord. Contains Nucleus (cluster of nerve cell bodies) and Tracts (bundles of axons also known as nerve fibers)

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2
Q

Components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves & Ganglia (collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS). Nerves bundles of axons also known as nerve fibers

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3
Q

Grey Matter

A

Primarly comprised of neurosomas (nerve cell bondies) and dendrites.

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4
Q

White Matter

A

Possesses Myelin that’s why it is white.

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5
Q

Myelin

A

lipid rich material that surrounds the nerve cell axons to insulate them.

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6
Q

Structures of a Neuron

A

Composed of dendrites (extension that receives information), Soma (cellbody), and Axon (transmits information from soma to another cell via action potentials)

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7
Q

Compare Nucleus and Ganglion

A

Essentially same thing just different locations

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8
Q

Compare Tract and nevrves

A

Essential same thing just different locations

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9
Q

Briefly describe the three basic functions of the nervous system

A

Sensation - Receiving information (stimulus)
Response - Motor function (voluntary or involuntary)
Integration - Information processing

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10
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Conscious perception and voluntary motor responses. Body Moving Skeletal tissue

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Visceral Motor System. Involuntary control of the body. Maintains homeostasis.

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12
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Can function without other nervous input. Smooth muscle and glandular tissue of the digestive system

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13
Q

Describe the Structure of the nerve cell body

A

Large nucleus and nucleolus. Perikaryon (Cytoplasm). Mitochondria (produce energy)

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14
Q

Describe the structure of dendrites

A

Short and highly branched processes extending from the cell body.

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15
Q

Describe the function of denderites

A

Dendritic spines receive information from other neurons. 80-90 percent of neuron surface area.

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16
Q

Describe the structure of axons

A

Single, long cytoplasmic process

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17
Q

Describe the function of axons

A

Propagates electrical signals - action potentials

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18
Q

Axoplasm

A

plasma membrane of the axon. Specialized to conduct electrical activity

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19
Q

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane of the axon. Specialized to conduct electrical activity

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20
Q

pseudo-unipolar neurons

A

sensory neurons. Cell bodies found in ganglia

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21
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Olfactory epithelium and retinal cells - smell and vision

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22
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

majority of neurons

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23
Q

Glial Cell Function

A

Because neurons are so specialized they are not very good at other things and need help from glial cells. Support and protect neurons. Make up half the volume of the nervous system.

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

In the CNS. Have large star shaped cell bodies with many processes that come from the cell body

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25
Q

Astrocytes function

A

Maintain Blood Brain Barrier. Create three-dimensional framework for CNS. Repair damaged nervous tissue. Guide Neuron Development. Control interstitial environment

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26
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

In the CNS. have small cell bodies with few processes. Many cooperate to form a myelin sheath around the axons in the CNS

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27
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

In the CNS. Form epithelium that lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain. Produce and monitor Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF)

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28
Q

Microglia

A

In the CNS. Smallest and least numerous glia. Migrate through nervous tissue. Clean up cellular debris, waste and pathogens

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29
Q

Satellite cells

A

In the PNS. Surround ganglia. Regulate interstitial fluid around neurons. Help with limited repair

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30
Q

Schwann Cells

A

in the PNS. Form myelin sheath around axons. Neruolemma - Outer surface of schwann cell.

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31
Q

Steps of Temperature senstation

A

Sensation, intergration, response.

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32
Q

Non-specific ion channels

A

Allows for diffusion down the concentration gradient.

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33
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A

Chemically gated. Opens only when a ligand binds to them

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34
Q

Mechanically Gated ion channels

A

Responds to a physical distortion of the plasma membrane

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35
Q

Voltage Gated Ion Channels

A

Open and close at specific voltages

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36
Q

Leak channels

A

resting membrane potential. Open and close randomly

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37
Q

Explain how resting membrane potential is and how it is set up/maintenance

A

Charge difference across the membrane surface. High concentration of sodium and chloride in extracellular fluid. High concentration of potassium and negatively charged proteins in intracellular fluid. Set up by a sodium potassium pump.

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38
Q

Explain the all-or-none principle

A

Any stimulus that changes the membrane potential to threshold causes an action potential

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39
Q

Generation of an action potential

A

Rapid voltage changes in membrane affects the entirety of the excitable membrane. Begins at initial segment (Axon hillock) of the axon.

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40
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Membrane cannot generate another action potential. All voltage-gated sodium channels are already open or inactiviated

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41
Q

Relative refractory period

A

A strong stimulus can initiate another action potential. Begins when sodium channels regain resting condition. Continus until membran potential stabalizes.

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42
Q

Graded potentials

A

A graded potential is a change in the membrane potential that does not spread far from the site of stimulation

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43
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Rapid, repeated stimuli at a single synapse.

44
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Simultaneous stimuli arrive at multiple syanpses

45
Q

List the for regions of the brain

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brainstem

46
Q

Functions of the Cerebrum

A

Controls higher mental functions. Concious thoughts, intellect, memory.

47
Q

Function of Basal Nuclei

A

Cognitive processing, planning movements

48
Q

Basal Forebrain

A

Learning and Memory

49
Q

Limbic Cortex

A

Portion of the limbic system, emotion, memory, and behavior

50
Q

Describe the anatomy of the cerebral cortex

A

Highly folded increases surface area. Gyri, ridges or hills. Sulci, Groves

51
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Also called somatic motor association area. Coordinates learned movements

52
Q

Visual Association area

A

Monitors patterns of activity in the visual cortex

53
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

Word recognition

54
Q

Describe the function of cerebral integrative centers

A

In loves and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres. Receive information from association areas. Directs complex motor activities. Perform analytical functions.

55
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language and comprehension. Primarily associated with left cerebral hemisphere. Receives information from sensory association. Coordinates access to visual and auditory memories.

56
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech Production

57
Q

Functions of prefrontal cortex

A

Coordinates information related from all critical association areas. Performs abstract intellectual functions, Predict consequences of actions

58
Q

Functions of the limbic system

A

Establishes emotional states. Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions. Facilitates memory storage and retrieval.

59
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Cingulate, dentate and parahippocampal gyri

60
Q

Amygdala

A

Acts as interface between the limbic system, cerebrum and various sensory systems

61
Q

Fornix

A

Connects hippocampus with hypothalamus

62
Q

Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus

A

Gatekeeper to the cerebrum

63
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Alertness, excitement, lethargy and sleep

64
Q

Basal Nuclei Function

A

Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone. Coordinate learned movement patterns

65
Q

Components of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

66
Q

Discuss the funtions of the pineal gland

A

in posterior portion of epithalamus. Secretes melatonin

67
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone regulates circadian rhythms

68
Q

Thalamus

A

Filters and relays sensory information from spinal cord and cranial nerves to cerebral cortex.

69
Q

Hypothalamas

A

Produces ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) and oxytocin
Regulates body temperature
Controls autonomic function
coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
coordinates nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates circadian rhythms
subconscious control of skeletal muscles
produces emotions and behavioral drives

70
Q

List the three components of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

71
Q

Tectum

A

Two pairs of sensory nuclei

72
Q

Tegmentum

A

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

73
Q

Function of the pons

A

Sensroy and motor nuclei of cranial nerves. Rate and depth of repsiration. Major relay center to the cerebelum

74
Q

Functions of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes.

75
Q

Cerebellum

A

Cerebral cortex comprised of grey matter.

76
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply to the brain

A

Internal carotid arteries enter cranium through carotid canal, Vertebral arteries pass through the transverse foramina and foramen magnum, Branches of these vessels supplies blood to the brain

77
Q

Describe venous return of blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins

A

Dural Venous sinuses, Absorb cerebrospinal fluid,Collect blood for return to circulation

78
Q

List the different physical protections of the brain and spinal cord

A

Physical protection of the brain: Bones of the cranium
Cranial Meninges: Connecive tissue layers
Cerebralspinal fluid (CSF)
Biochemical isolation: Blood brain barrier -astrocytes

79
Q

Describe the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space

A

Two large lateral ventricles. Third ventricle in diencephalon - interventricular foramen. Fourth ventricle Joins ventral canal of spinal cord, connects with third ventricle, median aperture and lateral apertures connect to subarachnoid space

80
Q

Discuss the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of the CNS. Support brain - physically, the brain is floating in the CSF. If it wasn’t floating it would crush itself.
Cushion delicate neural structures
Transport nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes

81
Q

cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption

A

Specialized ependymal cells surround capillaries
Secrets about 500 mL of CSF into ventricles per day
The same amount is absorbed daily
Removes waste products from CSF
Adjust composition of CSF

82
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia

A

rows of ganglia along vertebral column

83
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

Superior to the chain ganglia, in the cervical region, neck

84
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

Outside of the chain

85
Q

terminal ganglia

A

near their target, parasympathetic nervous system;

Enteric plexus
Gastric plexus
Esophageal plexus

86
Q

Epineurium

A

Network of collagen fibers
surrounds entire nerve

87
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle Layer
Surrounds nerve Fascicles

88
Q

Endoneurium

A

inner most layer
Surrounds individual axons

89
Q

Nerve I

A

olfactory nerves - Sensory - Nucleus in Brainstem
Primary function is smell

90
Q

Nerve II

A

Optic Nerves - Sensory - Nucleus in Brainstem
Primary Function is vision

91
Q

Nerve III

A

Oculomotor Nerves - Motor - nucleus in midbrain
Primary function is eye movement and pupillary constriction

92
Q

Nerve IV

A

Trochlear Nerves - motor - nucleus in midbrain
Primary function is eye movement

93
Q

Nerve V

A

Trigeminal Nerve - Mixed - Nucleus in Pons
Primary function is sensory and motor to face

94
Q

Nerve VI

A

Abducens Nerves - Motor - Nucleus in Pons
Primary function is eye movement

95
Q

Nerve VII

A

Facial Nerves - Mixed - Nucleus in pons
Primary function is motor face, sensory taste

96
Q

Nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerves - Sensory - Nucleus found in Pons and medulla oblongata
Function is hearing and balancing

97
Q

Nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerves) - Mixed nerves - Nucleus found in Medulla
Function motor throat, taste, swallowing

98
Q

Nerve X

A

Vagus - Mixed - found in medulla
Function Motor/sensory viscera

99
Q

Nerve XI

A

Accessory Nerves - Motor - Medulla
Also called spinal accessory nerves

100
Q

Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal - Motor - Medulla
Function Motor lower throat

101
Q

Explain why all spinal nerves are mixed nerves

A

Spinal nerves are formed by junctions of anterior (motor function) and posterior roots (sensory function). Because the nerve forms by the joining of the nerve roots it makes all spinal nerves mixed

102
Q

Dermatome

A

Specific bilateral region of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves

103
Q

Cervical plexus (C1-C5)

A

Phrenic Nerve: Controls diaphragm and breathing

104
Q

Brachial plexus (C5 - T1)

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Radial Nerve

105
Q

Lumbar plexus (T12-L4)

A

Femoral Nerve

106
Q

Sacral plexus (L4 - S4)

A

Sciatic Nerve

107
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of median nerve

BIOL 223 Lecture 2 (3 decks)

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