Lab 14 Flashcards
Flight has evolved independently among vertebrates ___ times in ____
three
Pterosaurs, Birds, and Bats
Birds are believed to have descended directly from _____ dinosaurs
theropod
Because the bones that make up wings have common evolutionary origins they are said to be
homologous
Wings themselves are considered ____ structures
analogous
Glide down from trees
Arboreal
Flapping to jump up
Cursorial
To fly animals must generate ___ forces greater than their own mass
lift
Animals must generate ___ in order to propel themselves
thrust
Without thrust ____ forces would slow the animal down enough to reduce lift and cause stalling
drag
In biological systems flight can be divided into two basic categories
gliding/soaring
flapping/powered
A curved wing surface presented to an airstream acts as an ____ becuase of the difference in airflow above and below the object
airfoil
Wing has an elongated fourth digit
Pterosaur wing
Win has flight feathers supported by forearm and 2nd digit
Bird wings
Wing has stretched skin between elongated digits
Bat wings
Lift relies on a smooth air flow over the wing called
laminar flow
The speed at which stalling occurs can be lowered by placing a ___ along the leading edge of the wing
wing slot
A group of small feathers on the first digit
alula
___ occurs between the primary feathers
slotting
Flying reptiles that existed from Triassic-Cretaceous. Hollow air-filled bones, keeled breastbone. Wing formed by membrane stretched from thorax to 4th digit.
Pterosaur
To increase lift, you increase the ___ but this causes turbulence
angle of attack
Solution to turbulence is to add a ___ this increases laminar flow
wing slot
The presence hair may indicate that some Pterosaurs were
endothermic
Pterosaurs are divided into two groups ___ have small long tails and lack a bony head crest _____ range in size, have short tails, bony head crest
rhamphorhynchoid
pterodactyloids
Young feed and move on own shortly after birth
Precocial young
Young require immediate parental care
Altricial young
Presence of feathers beak with no teeth, 4 chambered heart, endothermic, lay hard shelled eggs
Birds Class Aves
Name the Dino-like and Bird-like characteristics of Archaeopteryx
Dino-like: teeth, flat sternum, long bony tail, claws
Bird-like: feathers, furcula, limited flight
Fused sections of the spine and shoulder and hip girdles form a ____
sturdy frame
Wing design allows for slow speed and high maneuverability
elliptical wings
Wing design allows for high speed, low maneuverability at low speed
swept wing
Wing design lacks wing slots ad are adapted for high speed, high lift, and soaring
soaring wings
Wing design of predators that carry heavy loads
High lift wings
Another name for the wishbone is the
furcula
The ___ is responsible for the downstroke of the wing
pectoralis
The ___ is responsible for lifting the wing
Supracoracoideus
Birds have a ___ lobed liver
two/bi
Bats are in the order ___ which means hand-wing
Chiroptera
The majority of bats are ___ the rest are ___ and ____ or ____
insectivores
frugivores
nectivores
blood feeders
All microchiropterans use ____ whereas most megachiroptera do not
echolocation
Microchiropterans use their ___ to produce the sounds used in echolocation
larynx
The megachiroptera that do use echolocation produce the sound with their
tongues
All north american bats are ____
Microchiropterans
Most megachiroptera are ___ and are active ___
frugivores
active during the day
