Lab 11 Flashcards by Chantelle Smith

Why do the organ systems of the body have to work together?

In order to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is coordination of organ systems achieved?

Through feedback loops that involve varies sensors in the body & specific control centers where information is integrated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effectors are activated or inactivated as needed in order to?

Adjust the conditions in the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The cardiovascular system serves as what?

As a major highway for transporting substances from one location to another in the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Substances that the cardiovascular system transports.

1) Gases (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide)
2) Nutrients (i.e. glucose, fats, amino acids)
3) Wastes (i.e. urea, uric acid)
4) Signal molecules (i.e. hormones, neurohormones, cytokines)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The rate of cardiovascular system depends on the?

Demands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the cardiovascular system, the higher the demand for oxygen in a certain area, the blood will move?

Faster to that area

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The effectors for altering the flow of blood.

1) Sinoatrial node of the heart (to alter heart rate)
2) The LEFT ventricular contractile cells (to alter stroke volume)
3) The smooth muscle of the arterioles for adjusting the distribution of blood in the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vasoconstriction does what?

Restrict blood flow in some areas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vasodilation does what?

Increases blood flow to some areas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When increased blood flow is required what branch of the CNS is active?

The sympathetic nervous system increases its activity & its neurons secrete norepinephrine to target cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increasing the rate of activation of the cells of the SA node will do what?

Increase heart rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increasing calcium levels in the left ventricle contractile cells will have what effect?

Increase myocardial contractility (force of contraction) & therefore stroke volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The immediate & greatest effect on arterioles is?

Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Local signals (i.e. increased CO2, decreased O2, increased temperature, decreased pH) lead to?

Vasodilation near the working tissues where greater blood flow is needed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The respiratory system plays a critical role in?

Maintaining carbon dioxide, oxygen, & pH levels in the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiration involves 3 steps

1) Gas exchange at the cells
2) Gas exchange at the lungs
3) Ventilation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gas exchange at the cells involves

Oxygen leaving & carbon dioxide entering the blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gas exchange at the lungs involves

Oxygen entering & carbon dioxide leaving the blood at the alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventilation is?

The process of moving air into & out of the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The movement of gases across membranes at the level of the body tissues & at the alveoli is predictable because of?

The Gas Laws

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The term “pressure” is used instead of “___________” when referring to gases

Concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When referring to the amount of an individual gas, it is called the?

Partial pressure of that gas; i.e. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) partial pressure of oxygen (Po2)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gases, whether a mixture or an individual gas, move where?

Down a pressure gradient (from higher pressure to lower pressure)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There is an inverse relationship between the pressure of a gas and the?

Volume of its container

If the volume of a container increased, what would happen to its pressure?

The pressure decreases, and vice versa (Boyle's law)

The total pressure of a mixed gas (i.e. air) is the sum of?

All of the partial pressures of the individual gases. (Daltons law)

Gas exchange at the body cells or alveoli can take place because?

Gases move from a place of higher to lower pressure

The blood returning to the lungs from the systemic circuit is what?

High in carbon dioxide & low in oxygen

When will oxygen move?

From where its higher (the alveolus) to where its lower (the blood)

When will carbon dioxide move?

From where its higher, the blood, to where its lower, the alveolus.

Ventilation provides a clear example of which law?

Boyle's law

The process of breathing

Ventilation

The process of breathing (ventilation) manipulates the volume of the?

Thoracic cavity, and therefore the lungs

By increasing the volume of the lungs, the pressure inside does what?

Drops

Where does air move? And what is its opposite?

From a place of higher pressure, atmospheric pressure, to a place of lower pressure, alveolar pressure.

As the metabolic rate changes, so too does the?

Oxygen requirement & carbon dioxide production by the working cells

What is the term that means "Oxygen required"

Aerobic

Where do the aerobic pathways take place in the cell?

Mitochondria

What are the names of the aerobic pathways?

Citric acid cycle & electron transport system

What are the names of the two anaerobic pathways?

ATP CP System | Glycolysis

Where do the anaerobic pathways take place in the cell?

Cytosol

1) What type of cells are the effectors for altering ventilation? 2) What is the efferent pathway to innervate these cells? 3) Which signal molecule will influence these cells? 4) Which specific receptor type is located on these effector cells?

1) Skeletal muscle 2) Somatic motor neuron 3) Acetylcholine 4) Nicotinic

Oxygen is used to form _____ at the end of the energy pathway.

Water

Oxygen is used at the very last step of this energy pathway

Electron transport system

Oxygen binds with ___ at the end of the pathway.

Hydrogen

Feedback loop for decrease in blood Partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Focus on the respiratory system and ventilation.

Stimulus: decrease partial pressure of carbon dioxide Sensor: Aortic or carotid chemoreceptors Afferent pathway: Sensory neuron Integrating center: Medulla oblongata Efferent pathway: Parasympathetic neuron Effector: Conducting cells of the sinoatrial node Effectors action: Potassium channels open, cells hyper polarize, decrease rate of action potentials, decrease heart rate Response: Increase in blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide

What type of signal molecule binds to receptors on cells that will lead to bronchodilation, and what is the source of this molecule?

Neurohormone from the adrenal medulla

What type of signal molecule binds to receptors on cells that will lead to bronchoconstriction, and what is the source of this molecule?

Neurotransmitter from a parasympathetic neuron

Which signal molecule would bind to receptors of the bronchiole smooth muscle to stimulate bronchodilation?

Epinephrine

Under what conditions will bronchoconstriction occur?

Rest-and-digest

What are the specific receptors to which a signal molecule will bind to cause bronchodilation?Which signal molecule would bind to receptors of the bronchiole smooth muscle to stimulate bronchodilation?

Beta-2 adrenergic. The signal molecule is epinephrine

Under what conditions would bronchodilation occur? And why?

Fight-or-flight. Because bronchodilation is under sympathetic control.

What are the specific receptors to which a signal molecule will bind to cause bronchoconstriction?

Muscarinic

Which signal molecule will bind to target cells to cause bronchoconstriction? What is the specific receptor for this?

Acetylcholine. The specific receptor is muscarinic

What are the effectors of the cardiovascular system?

Conducting cells of the sinoatrial node, Contractile cells of the left ventricle, Smooth muscle cells of the arterioles

The amount an individual gas is called its ___.

Partial pressure

The effector for stroke volume is?

Left ventricular contractile cells

The effector for total peripheral resistance is?

Arteriole smooth muscle

As the volume of the lungs increases the pressure decreases. This is an example of __ law.

Boyle's

The force of the contraction of the heart is called?

Myocardial contractility

The effector for heart rate is?

Sinoatrial node (conducting cells)

The process of breathing is called?

Ventilation

Gases move when there is a pressure ___.

Gradient

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration.

Residual volume

The amount of air breathed in during normal resting inspiration or expiration.

Tidal volume

Feedback loop resulting from an increase in blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Focus on the respiratory system & ventilation.

Stimulus: Increase in blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide Sensor: Aortic or carotid chemoreceptors Afferent pathway: Integrating center: Medulla oblongata Efferent pathway: Somatic motor neuron Effector: Diaphragm skeletal muscle cells Effectors action: Increased contraction/relaxation cycle rate, increased rate and depth of ventilation Response: Decrease in blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide

What are the effectors of the respiratory system?

Skeletal muscle cells of the diaphragm, Smooth muscle cells of the bronchioles

The respiratory has to provide the oxygen that's used at the end of?

The electron transport system in working cells, and has to get rid of the carbon dioxide formed in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle

The effector organs of the respiratory system are within and around the?

Thoracic cavity

The primary structures of regulation within the lungs are the?

Bronchioles, which have a layer of smooth muscle to control the diameter of the airway.

Smooth muscle contraction leads to?

Bronchoconstriction, decreasing the size of the airway & reducing the amount of air that can flow into and out of the lungs

Smooth muscle relaxation leads to? This allows?

Bronchodilation, this opening of the airway would increase the ability of air to flow into and out of the lungs

Major muscle of ventilation

Diaphragm

Gases move by diffusion because?

Gases are non polar so they can slip through lipid bilayer

Source of epinephrine

Adrenal medulla

What controls ventilation?

Skeletal muscles control ventilation (breathing) by contracting & relaxing rhythmically

When this bell-shaped muscle contracts, it flattens, thereby increasing volume of the thoracic cavity & decreasing the pressure inside. This creates a vacuum & causes air to be drawn into the lungs (inspiration)

Diaphragm

Relaxation of the diaphragm decreases what?

The volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing the pressure inside forcing air out (expiration)

The decrease in volume of the lungs, increases the? Because atmospheric pressure is now less than alveolar pressure, air will move?

Pressure inside.

There are certain characteristics of the lung tissue that is essential for proper function. The first is the?

Ability to stretch, which is called compliance

During inspiration, the lungs are passively _________-________ as the thoracic cavity expands. During

expanded-pulled

During expiration, the lung tissue ______, returning to its resting position. The ______ or return from a stretch is due to tissue __________.

recoils | Elasticity

As the requirement for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal increases, what else increases?

The rates of ventilation and blood flow also increase

What is the full name of the integrating center that serves both the cardiovascular & respiratory systems?

Medulla oblongata

The more work performed by the cells, the more _____ is required. The more _____ required, the more oxygen must be delivered to and the more carbon dioxide must be removed from those cells

ATP

Under more work by the cells that require ATP, it is typical to see which systems increase their function?

Both the cardiovascular & respiratory systems increase in function to keep up with the amount of work being done by the cells

The more work by the cells, the faster and higher what?

The faster the blood flow, and the higher the activity of the respiratory system

One of the most obvious changes to cardiovascular function is ______ ______. The stronger the stimulus, the _______ _______ increases. Likewise, the ventilation rate increases.

Heart rate

A stronger stimulus in the body

Carbon dioxide

Minor changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide will lead to?

Immediate responses by the cardiovascular & respiratory systems

Changes in partial pressure of oxygen have to be more _________ to put the systems into action

Substantial

CO2 + H20 > H2CO3 > ?

H+ + HCO3

Carbon dioxide & water, in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, will be converted to?

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

An acid is a?

Substance that gives off hydrogen ions in solution

The accumulation of hydrogen ions does what?

Lowers pH and the hydrogen ions protons interfere with protein functions. This is dangerous because the proteins are the workers of the body

The body's protection against changes in pH includes

The functions of the respiratory & urinary systems

Quick changes in pH can be achieved by altering?

Ventilation rate, but longer term adjustments are made through the urinary system where excess hydrogen ions are excreted in the urine

The tidal volume is?

The amount of air brought into the lungs during normal restful breathing

Lung capacities are?

Made up of one or more lung volumes