Lab 10 Flashcards
Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones or cartilage that support the appendages. Appendages appeared as fins in early fish, and subsequently evolved into the limbs of tetrapods.
Atrium
A chamber of the vertebrate heart that recieves blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle.
Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.
Bronchus
One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
Caecum / Cecum
The blind pouch forming one branch of the large intestine.
Chordates
Member of the phylum chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body.
Colon
The largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces.
Deuterosome (Development)
In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue.
Digestive System
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.
Endoskeleton
A hard skeleton buried within the soft tissues of an animal.
Esophagus (pl esophagi)
A muscular tube that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach.
External Fertilization
The fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment.
Gamete
A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Gill
A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide.
Gonad
The male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals.
Heart
A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph).
Homology
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
Hydrostatic Skeleton
A skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids.
Internal Fertilization
The fusion of eggs and sperm within the female reproductive tract. The sperm are typically deposited in or near the tract.
Kidney
In vertebrates, one of a pair of excretory organs where blood filtrate is formed and processed into urine.
Lateral Line (System)
A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects.
Liver
A large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose level, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.
Lung
An infolded respiratory surface of a terrestrial vertebrate, land snail, or spider that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
(Muscular) Diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals. Contraction of the diaphragm pulls air into the lungs.
Myomere
Myomere are the blocks of skeletal muscle tissue found commonly in chordates. They are commonly zig-zag, “W” or “V”-shaped muscle fibers. The myomeres are separated from adjacent myomere by connective tissues and most easily seen in larval fishes or in the olm.
Nares
Nostrils
Notochord
A longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body.
Operculum (pl opercula)
In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills.
Oral Hood
A prolongation of the metapleural folds surrounding the mouth in an amphioxus and bearing the oral cirri.
Pancreas
A gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine portion function in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution in the small intestine via duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostatis, secretting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.
Pectoral Girdle
The pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connects the arm to the appendicular skeleton on each side.
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic girdle, also called bony pelvis, in human anatomy, basin-shaped complex of bones that connects the trunk and the legs, supports and balances the trunk, and contains and supports the intestines, the urinary bladder, and the internal sex organs.
Pharyngeal Slits
In chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicateto the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism.
Secondary Radial Symmetry
The larvae of echinoderms (sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins) have bilateral symmetry as larvae, but develop radial symmetry as full adults.
Segmentation
Refers to the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments.
Spleen
An abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system.
Stomach
An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.
Swim Bladder
In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control it’s buoyancy in the water.
Synapomorphy
A shared derived character or trait state that distinguishes a clade from other organisms.
Tetrapod
A vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits. Tetrapods include mammal, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles.
Trachea
The portion of the repiratory tract that passes from the larnyx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe.
Urinary Bladder
The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.
Urogenital System
The organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system.
Vertebrae (pl vertebra)
In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.
Water Vascular System
A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube foot, which function in locomotion and feeding.
