Lab 10

Question 1

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 1

The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones or cartilage that support the appendages. Appendages appeared as fins in early fish, and subsequently evolved into the limbs of tetrapods.

Question 2

Atrium

Answer 2

A chamber of the vertebrate heart that recieves blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle.

Question 3

Axial Skeleton

Answer 3

The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.

Question 4

Bronchus

Answer 4

One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

Question 5

Caecum / Cecum

Answer 5

The blind pouch forming one branch of the large intestine.

Question 6

Chordates

Answer 6

Member of the phylum chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.

Question 7

Circulatory System

Answer 7

The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body.

Question 8

Colon

Answer 8

The largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces.

Question 9

Deuterosome (Development)

Answer 9

In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue.

Question 10

Digestive System

Answer 10

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.

Question 11

Endoskeleton

Answer 11

A hard skeleton buried within the soft tissues of an animal.

Question 12

Esophagus (pl esophagi)

Answer 12

A muscular tube that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach.

Question 13

External Fertilization

Answer 13

The fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment.

Question 14

Gamete

Answer 14

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

Question 15

Gill

Answer 15

A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide.

Question 16

Gonad

Answer 16

The male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals.

Question 17

Heart

Answer 17

A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph).

Question 18

Homology

Answer 18

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

Question 19

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Answer 19

A skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids.

Question 20

Internal Fertilization

Answer 20

The fusion of eggs and sperm within the female reproductive tract. The sperm are typically deposited in or near the tract.

Question 21

Kidney

Answer 21

In vertebrates, one of a pair of excretory organs where blood filtrate is formed and processed into urine.

Question 22

Lateral Line (System)

Answer 22

A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects.

Question 23

Liver

Answer 23

A large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose level, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.

Question 24

Lung

Answer 24

An infolded respiratory surface of a terrestrial vertebrate, land snail, or spider that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.

Question 25

(Muscular) Diaphragm

Answer 25

A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals. Contraction of the diaphragm pulls air into the lungs.

Question 26

Myomere

Answer 26

Myomere are the blocks of skeletal muscle tissue found commonly in chordates. They are commonly zig-zag, “W” or “V”-shaped muscle fibers. The myomeres are separated from adjacent myomere by connective tissues and most easily seen in larval fishes or in the olm.

Question 27

Nares

Answer 27

Nostrils

Question 28

Notochord

Answer 28

A longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body.

Question 29

Operculum (pl opercula)

Answer 29

In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills.

Question 30

Oral Hood

Answer 30

A prolongation of the metapleural folds surrounding the mouth in an amphioxus and bearing the oral cirri.

Question 31

Pancreas

Answer 31

A gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine portion function in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution in the small intestine via duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostatis, secretting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

Question 32

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 32

The pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connects the arm to the appendicular skeleton on each side.

Question 33

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 33

Pelvic girdle, also called bony pelvis, in human anatomy, basin-shaped complex of bones that connects the trunk and the legs, supports and balances the trunk, and contains and supports the intestines, the urinary bladder, and the internal sex organs.

Question 34

Pharyngeal Slits

Answer 34

In chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicateto the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates.

Question 35

Respiratory System

Answer 35

The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism.

Question 36

Secondary Radial Symmetry

Answer 36

The larvae of echinoderms (sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins) have bilateral symmetry as larvae, but develop radial symmetry as full adults.

Question 37

Segmentation

Answer 37

Refers to the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments.

Question 38

Spleen

Answer 38

An abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system.

Question 39

Stomach

Answer 39

An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.

Question 40

Swim Bladder

Answer 40

In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control it’s buoyancy in the water.

Question 41

Synapomorphy

Answer 41

A shared derived character or trait state that distinguishes a clade from other organisms.

Question 42

Tetrapod

Answer 42

A vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits. Tetrapods include mammal, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles.

Question 43

Trachea

Answer 43

The portion of the repiratory tract that passes from the larnyx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe.

Question 44

Urinary Bladder

Answer 44

The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.

Question 45

Urogenital System

Answer 45

The organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system.

Question 46

Vertebrae (pl vertebra)

Answer 46

In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

Question 47

Water Vascular System

Answer 47

A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube foot, which function in locomotion and feeding.