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HK*3600 > Lab 1 prep > Flashcards

Lab 1 prep Flashcards

1
Q

Dalton’s Law

A
  • the pressure of a mixed gas is equal to the sum of the individual gas pressures

PP of indv gas = (% concentration) x (total gas pressure)

ex.
PPO2 = O2 fraction x total pressure

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2
Q

atmospheric or barometric pressure at sea level

A

~760mmHg

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3
Q

fraction of oxygen in air at sea level

A

20.93%

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4
Q

partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

- dry

A

~160mmHg)

0.2093 x 760mmHg

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5
Q

partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

  • in the lungs
  • why?
A

~150mmHg

(0. 2093 x (760mmHg - 47mmHg))
- PP of water vapour in lungs at 37’C = 47mmHg

** use this value for room air in the lungs for diffusion

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6
Q

partial pressure of CO2 in room air

A

0.2 mmHg

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7
Q

partial pressures and “CO2” exchange in pulmonary tissue
capillaries
- rest

A

in alveoli
PCO2 = 40mmHg

in tissues
PCO2 = 46mmHg

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8
Q

partial pressures and “CO2” exchange in pulmonary tissue
capillaries
- exercise

A

in alveoli
PCO2 = 40mmHg

in tissue
PCO2 = 85mmHg

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9
Q

partial pressures and “O2” exchange in pulmonary tissue
capillaries
- rest

A

alveoli
PO2 = 100-105mmHg

tissue
PO2 = 40mmHg

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10
Q

partial pressures and “O2” exchange in pulmonary tissue
capillaries
- exercise

A

alveoli
PO2 = 100-105mmHg

tissue
PO2 = 15mmHg

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11
Q

how PO2 can be decreased

A

1) reduced barometric pressure

2) decreased concentration in the air

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12
Q

affect of altitude

A

lower barometric pressure, same concentration in the air

ex. 3000m above sea level
- air remains at 21% oxygen
- barometric pressure = 517mmHg

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13
Q

avg tidal volume at rest

- what is it

A

Vt ~ 500mL

- amount of air breathed in and out with each breathe

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14
Q

avg inspiratory reserve volume

A

~3L

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15
Q

avg expiratory reserve volume

A

~1L

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16
Q

avg dead space volume

  • what is it
  • effect of increasing tidal volume
A

~150mL

  • volume inspired air available for gas exchange
  • doesn’t significantly change with tidal volume
  • % dead space volume decreases
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17
Q

avg total lung capacity

A

~6L

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18
Q

avg vital capacity

- what is it

A

~5L

- maximum volume forcefully inhaled and exhaled

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19
Q

avg residual volume

A

~1.2L

- minimum air that always remains in the lungs

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20
Q

how to measure ventilation (air volume)

A

flow meter

  • inspired air (Vi) “or” expired air (Ve)
  • L/min
21
Q

how to estimate VO2?

- 3 measurements

A

VO2 = Ve (FiO2 - FeO2)

gas analyzer 
- average FiO2 (fraction of inspired 
- average FeO2 (fraction of expired)
flow meter
- volume of air in 1 min
22
Q

how to calibrate an O2 gas analyzer

A

use known oxygen concentration of room

- sea level 20.93%

23
Q

estimate expired CO2 with O2 gas analyzer

A

% O2 change = % CO2 change

- inspired CO2 very low (~0.04% - insignificant)

24
Q

VO2 at rest

A

0.393 L/min

VO2 = (0.2093 - 0.17) x 10 L/min

25
Q

average Ve

A

10 L/min

26
Q

average # of breathes per min

A

12-16

27
Q

measuring HR

A

hand grip device
- senses pressure of pulse
heart rate monitor
- measures chest movements

28
Q

ECG/EKG lead II set up

A

negative - right clavicle
positive - lower left side
ground - left clavicle

*heart depolarization negative to positive on an angle down from right to left

29
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of atria

30
Q

Q wave

A

depolarization of interventricular septum

31
Q

R wave

A

depolarization of left ventricle

32
Q

S wave

A

depolarization of basal regions of the heart

33
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

34
Q

order of depol and repol

A

opposite direction

  • ventricles last to depol, first to repol
  • repol continues to atria
35
Q

why is R-wave so big and sharp

A
  • ventricles much larger, more cells

- all cell of ventricle depol in sync (same time)

36
Q

why is T-wave positive (positive repol?)

A

repol wave in heart travels opposite direction

37
Q

SA and AV nodes

A 
SA 
- sets pace
AV 
- slows conduction of current (depol)
- coordinated contraction
38
Q

unique feature of cardiac muscle cells

A

self depolarizing

  • SA node fastest
  • AV node slower
  • purkinjie fibers slowest
39
Q

Calculating mean arterial pressure

A 
mean arteriole pressure = 
blood flow (Q) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)
40
Q

average HR at rest

A

75bpm

41
Q

length of systole and diastole

A 
rest 
- 1/3 systole
- 2/3 diastole 
exercise
- 1/2 systole and diastole
42
Q

when taking BP, name of the sound to listen for

A

Korotkoff sounds

43
Q

two ways to take BP

A

indirect

  • BP cuff and stethoscope
  • listen for korotkoff sounds

direct
- insert a catheter

44
Q

work (W) calculation

A

Work
= Force x Distance
= Mass x RPM

45
Q

Work units

A

Joules (Newtons x meters)

46
Q

power calculation and units

A

= work / time

  • J/s
  • Watts (W)
47
Q

equipment used in first lab

- ventilation, frequency, volume, body temp

A

vernier equipment

48
Q

changes with exercise

A

Increase

  • co2
  • temp
  • BP (systole + mean arteriole pressure)
  • increase HR
  • increase Vt and f

*diastole minor increase or decrease

HK*3600 (5 decks)

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