Lab 1 + PE Cardiovascular and Respiratory

Question 1

How do you catch a horse in a stall?

Answer 1

Encourage them to turn and face you.
extend your hand, approach the left side, and touch the horse at the level of the shoulder.

Question 2

How do you put on a halter?

Answer 2

-Hold up the halter so that you can recognize the noseband, crown piece, and throat strap.
-Unclip the throat strap
-Place the noseband over the muzzle first, then raise the crown piece to go over the ears
-bring the throat strap under the mandible to clip on the left side
-clip the lead rope to the halter, using the ring hanging from the bottom of the noseband.

Question 3

TPR for equine

Answer 3

Temperature: 100.4-102.5
Pulse: 28-46 beats/min
Respiration: 8-16 breaths/min

Question 4

How do you use a lead?

Answer 4

-standing on the left side of the horse, hold the lead rope about one foot from the halter with your right hand and hold excess line in your left hand.
do not wrap it around your hand.
-look ahead, not at the horse, apply tension to the lead rope. click your tongue. walk forward and the horse will walk with you
-to make a turn, move the horse away from you so that you are on the outside of the turn.

Question 5

Identify the halter

Answer 5

a.noseband
b. crown piece
c. throat strap

Question 6

What arteries are used to check for pulses in horses?

Answer 6

two arteries on the face,
the facial artery: located where it crosses the ventral mandible from caudomedial to rostrolateral.
the transverse facial artery: immobile. found caudoventral to the lateral canthus of the eye.

Question 7

what can the muscus membranes show

Answer 7

hydration status, color(homogenous pink) and CRT (normal is less than 2 seconds)

Question 8

How can you evaluate hydration status

Answer 8

mm and skin turgor

Question 9

where is the apex beat visible in horses?

Answer 9

the apex beat indicates the location of the left ventricle during systole. the left AV valve
its visible and palpable at the left 5th intercostal space, dorsal to the point of the elbow.

Question 10

where you start to ausculate?

Answer 10

at the apex beat

Question 11

how do you auscultate?

Answer 11

-start at the apex beat, left 5th intercostal space to be at the left AV valve.
-advance cranially by one IC space and a bit dorsally. this is the aortic valve.
-finally, advance one more IC space cranially and slightly ventrally. this is the pulmonic valve.
-the right av valve is heard on the right 4th intercostal space.

Question 12

how many lub dubs do horses have?

Answer 12

you may hear more than one heart sound. three or even four is audible.

Question 13

what is the jugular groove?

Answer 13

the jugular vein.

Question 14

what do you check for on the jugular vein?

Answer 14

evaluate for distention, thrombosis, pulsations.

many normal animals have jugular distention and pulsation corresponding to atrial contraction. it is always limited to the base of the neck, about 1/3 of the neck.

Question 15

how may a horse with increased respiratory effort stand?

Answer 15

with head and neck extended

Question 16

while palpating for the larynx, what is something you want to look out for?
think cosmic force

Answer 16

palpate the larynx for symmetry, especially of the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage.
if there is atrophy of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle on the left side, then the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage will be abnormally prominent.
which is left laryngeal hemiplegia -> roaring

Question 17

palpation for larynx & trachea

Answer 17

palpate larynx, identify the caudal edge of the cricoid cartilage, and then transition to the trachea.
palpation may elicit a cough, but a series of cough is abnormal.

Question 18

what are the dorsal and cranial border of the lung field for horses?

Answer 18

epaxial muscles dorsally and triceps line cranially

Question 19

what are the border for the lungs?

Answer 19

the basal border of the lungs generally arcs dorsally and caudally from about the 6th rib at the level of the olecranon, through the costochondral junction at the 11th or 12th rib, to end dorsally at the 16th intercostal space

Question 20

how many ribs do horses have

Answer 20

18 ribs

Question 21

what should be heard on a normal horse for lung auscultation?

Answer 21

you will hear large airway (bronchi) sounds over the trachea and over the hilar region
But very few airway sounds will be detected over the lung fields when animals at rest

Question 22

how can you accentuate abnormal sounds?

Answer 22

rebreathing bags
Carbon dioxide levels rise in the blood, respiratory rate and depth increases, making abnormal sounds more likely to be heard.
specifically the first deep breath after removing the bag.

Question 23

what are thoracic percussion

Answer 23

using fingers or instruments to help detect conditions, such as pleural effusion, lung consolidation, any abnormality that place an acoustic barrier in the pleural space, or that alter the normal resonance of an air filled lung.