Lab 1 & 2

Question 1

which is the easiest measure of biodiversity

Answer 1

richness

Question 2

define richness

Answer 2

is the count of how many different species are found in a particular place

Question 3

what is a species-area curves used for

Answer 3

used to find all species in the habitbat

Question 4

define abundance

Answer 4

it is the number of individuals of each species found in an area

Question 5

define evenness

Answer 5

is a measure of how similar the abundance measure are found in a particular area

Question 6

what are diversity indices for

Answer 6

they are used to account for both the number of species and the predominance of species in an area

Question 7

what is the simpson index of diversity used for

Answer 7

it result in a number between 0 and 1 which tells us if the area is diversity or not

Question 8

what does it mean if you Simpson index number is 0

Answer 8

that means the area is not diverse and homologous

Question 9

what does it mean if your Simpson index number is close to 1

Answer 9

that means your area is highly diverse and heterogeneous

Question 10

what is blastulation?

Answer 10

the formation of the embyro to the zygote

Question 11

what is gastrulation

Answer 11

the embryonic stage where they form a second germ layer that surrounds a cavity

Question 12

what are the two developmental pathways after gastrulation

Answer 12

deutorostomia and protostomia

Question 13

how is development of sponges different than other animals like jellies

Answer 13

sponges stop at the blastula level where, whereas jellies continue to form a second germ layer known as gastrulation, aka being diploblastic

Question 14

why do sponges have to stay submerged in water

Answer 14

they are filter feeders, meaning they carry water in and out themselves to feed

Question 15

what is it about their biology that would cause strees if removed from water

Answer 15

they wouldn’t be able to live since they are filter feeders, and their internal system is created to do so

Question 16

how do they eat,breath and expel waste

Answer 16

they use their canal system to do such functions

Question 17

can a sponge be pregnant

Answer 17

yes, in a sexual way, by releasing sperm from choanocytes and oocysts from archaeocytes, and in asexual way, they do budding

Question 18

what stages do jellyfishes undergo during development

Answer 18

they go thrrough diplobastic development

Question 19

is the mesoglea a germ layer ? explain

Answer 19

no it is not a germ layer just a thick jellylike layer between them that helps them stay a float

Question 20

what aspect of their biology allows jellyfishes to float

Answer 20

the muscles that are compressed by the mesoglea by contracting them

Question 21

what layers are dervied from the germ layer

Answer 21

ectoderm and endoderm

Question 22

why can jellyfish produce a large number of offspring

Answer 22

the polyps reproduce asexually by budding or fission which forms clones and colonies

Question 23

how does reproduction work

Answer 23

in polyps they reproduce asexually by budding or fission which forms clones and colonies
in medusae they produce sexually with gamete becoming male or female

Question 24

how do jellyfish swim?

Answer 24

the medusae can swim by contracting the bell-shaped structure, which pushes water from the concave oral side

Question 25

do they have neurons system? how does it work

Answer 25

they have sensory and nerve cells, where the nerve cells process the synapses from the sensory cell but htey dont have a true brain

Question 26

how do comb jellies eat, expel waste, move and reproduce

Answer 26

they move by the beating of the comb row and comb plates that push them forward
they eat with their tentacles that are covered in colloblasts, and food gets pushed down into the mouth with tentacles contracting
they expel waste through anal pores in the aboral end
they are monoecious having both ovaries and testis

Question 27

why is ctenophores symmetry different from cnidarians

Answer 27

because ctenophore symmetry planes have one to two equal halves, cnidarians don’t have any