LA PE and history

Question 1

What are the clinical signs of cardiac disease in the horse?

Answer 1

• lethargy
• respiratory distress
• cough
• ventral edema
• exercise intolerance
• syncope
• sudden death

Question 2

What is the normal resting HR in the following:
Adult horse
Foal
Cattle
Small Ruminant

Answer 2

adult horse: 28-42
foal: 80-100
cattle: 40-80
small ruminant: 60-90

Question 3

What is the maximum HR that a horse can have during exercise?

Answer 3

210-250

Question 4

Which of the following clinical signs is seen with heart disease in horses?
A. Refusal to gallop on a trail ride
B. Losing $2000 on a sure bet at the track
C. Resting heart rate of 60 bpm
D. dead in the saddle
E. All of these signs are associated with heart disease

Answer 4

E. All of these signs are associated with heart disease

Question 5

What is an apex beat?

Answer 5

• low frequency vibration on thoracic wall due to contraction and rotation of heart
• synchronous with early systole
• on left side at 5th ICS at CC junction
• on right side caudal

Question 6

What are systolic murmurs?

Answer 6

ejection murmurs, generated by flow of blood in aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 7

What are diastolic murmurs?

Answer 7

generated by flow of blood across AV valves

Question 8

What would indicate a pathologic murmur?

Answer 8

• loud intensity (>3/6 grade)
• longer duration in cycle
• different timing or location from physiologic murmurs

Question 9

What is the most common left sided murmur in horses?

Answer 9

mitral regurgitation

Question 10

What other left sided murmur is there in horses?

Answer 10

aortic or pulmonic stenosis

Question 11

What ride sided murmurs are there in horses?

Answer 11

• tricuspid regurgitation
• ventricular septal defects
• aortic insufficiency
• pulmonic insufficiency

Question 12

What are pericardial rubs?

Answer 12

rubbing of the pericardial surface with the heart, which indicates pericarditis

Question 13

What do gurgle or tinkling sounds indicate?

Answer 13

fluid and air within pericardium (hardware disease)

Question 14

Where can you take an arterial pulse on a horse?

Answer 14

• facial artery most common

- can also use transverse facial, median, or digital arteries

Question 15

What do hypokinetic pulses indicate?

Answer 15

• tachycardia
• decreased ventricular contractility
• hypovolemia
• pericardial effusion
• shock

Question 16

What do hyperkinetic pulses indicate?

Answer 16

• anemia
• bradycardia
• aortic insufficiency
• PDA

Question 17

What is a pulse deficit indicate?

Answer 17

left ventricle failed to eject blood into aorta during systole

Question 18

Why do you assess jugular veins in horses?

Answer 18

evaluates central venous pressure

Question 19

What does jugular pulsation/distention indicate?

Answer 19

• pericardial effusion
• cranial caval or jugular obstruction
• right-sided CHF
• tricuspid valve regurgitation
• AV block

Question 20

Why do we assess arterial pulse strength?
A. It’s fun
B. Makes you look smart in front of owner
C. Estimates right atrial pressure
D. Allows you to assess blood pressure
E. Provides you with an estimate of SV

Answer 20

E. Provides you with an estimate of SV

Question 21

What is CRT an assessment of?

Answer 21

peripheral perfusion and LV stroke volume

Question 22

What are the most dependable findings of cardiac disease in horses?

Answer 22

• grade 3/6 or louder at rest w/out anemia

- grade 2/6 or louder diastolic murmur especially with bounding pulses