LA congenital diseases Flashcards
What are the clinical signs of congenital heart disease in large animals?
- failure to grow/thrive
- lethargy/exercise intolerance
- respiratory signs
- cyanosis
What are the more common forms of congenital heart disease?
- ventral septal defect (most common)
- PDA
- tetralogy of fallot
- valvular dysplasia
- atrial septal defect
Where is a membranous ventricular septal defect located?
- basal aspect of septum immediately below aorta
- connects ventricles to arteries
Where is a muscular ventricular septal defect located?
apical aspect of septum
What is the pathology of a ventricular septal defect?
- left to right shunt due to LV volume overload
- prolapse of aortic valve due to lack of aortic root support
- right to left shunt if secondary pulmonic stenosis or pulmonary hypertension
Which statement on congenital defects in cattle is correct?
A. Aortic insufficiency may be caused by a VSD
B. PDAs are the most common type of defect
C. VSDs are almost always membranous
D. VSDs result in right sided CHF
E. Innocent murmurs are rare in calves
A. Aortic insufficiency may be caused by a VSD
What are the PE findings in VSD?
- coarse murmur over right AV valve
- cardiac chamber dilation
- prolapse of aortic valve
What does clinical progression of VSD depend on?
- severity of blood shunting
- degree of ventricular volume overload
- direction of shunt
- valvular regurgitation
- arrhythmias
What is the prognosis for restrictive shunts?
- there may be no to minimal clinical progression
- may perform sufficiently well
What is the prognosis for large VSDs?
- the size is relative to the aorta
- associated with large shunt volume
- eventually CHF develops
How do you treat large, nonrestrictive shunts?
- if muscular, use an occluder device
- if membranous, manage CHF
What is a patent ductus arteriosus?
vessel that connects aorta and pulmonary artery
What happens in a PDA?
- left to right shunt
- continuous murmur
- left sided volume overload
- CHF
You noted a grade 4/6 systolic murmur over the left heart base in a 2 week old septic foal. What do you tell the owner?
A. This foal likely has complex heart disease
B. This foal has an innocent murmur
C. This foal has a PDA and will likely develop CHF
D. This foal likely has a partially closed PDA, which should continue to close over the next week or two
E. This foal is toast
D. This foal likely has a partially closed PDA, which should continue to close over the next week or two
What makes up the tetralogy of fallot?
- large VSD
- dextropositioning of the aorta
- pulmonic stenosis
- RV hypertrophy
