L9 Educational Psychology and Inclusion Flashcards
What is the hierarchy of inclusion?
A. Placement of C&YP with SEN in mainstream classrooms
B. Meeting social and academic needs of C&YP with SEN
C. Meeting social and academic needs of pupils despite challenges relating to poverty
D. Creation of communities in and out of education characterised by equity and care and diversity
Who is inclussion for?
All children deserve to be educated
UNESCO 1994
What are the systematic barriers to inclusion?
- Teacher confidence in their ability to include (instructional and motivational strategies)
- Staff attitudes to SEN
- Leadership attitudes to inclusion
- School behaviour systems
- Availability of recourses to support classroom systems
- Peer attitudes to SEN and disability
- External accountability, measurements of school e.g. exam league tables
What is the difference between inclusion or integration?
Integration - limited arrangements for C&YP in schools with SEN which have little change, fit into the school
Inclusion - where a school caries out a restructure to ensure all fit, changes curriculum, teaching methods and procedures
What are the recent legislations related to inclusion?
Special educational needs and disability act 2001
Children and families act 2014
SEND code of practice 2015
What are the problems with researching inclusion?
When evaluating inclusion we need to be aware that the nature and standard of inclusive practices vary
Inclusion is an easy thing to do poorly
Difficult to specify IV
Poor matching of PS
Mainstream and special settings have different objectives
What did Hegarty 1993 find out about inclusion?
Summarised a centre for educational research literature
Reported results were generally inconclusive
Difficult to justify continued segregated education
What did Lindsay 2007 find out about inclusion?
Reported on a review of efficacy studies
1% addressing efficacy issues
Weight of evidence was marginally in favour of inclusion
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Three major influences on behaviour:
- own attitude
- perception of the subjective norm
- self-efficacy
Research shows:
8-12 yr olds attitude strongly predicted their intention to interact
Attitude correlate with teachers and mothers
What is contact theory?
Contact between groups can change the attitude of in-group members towards out-groups
4 necessary conditions:
- equal status
- common goals
- no competition between groups
- authority sanctioning the contact
Research showed that primary children changed their attitude towards SEN children after spending time with them
What is labelling and attribution theory?
Attitudes of 11-12 year olds with ADHD were assessed
Mainly negative
Labelling has a minimal influence on inclusive environment
When faced with negative behaviours, children will search for an explanation
How do psychologists work to promote inclusive education?
Behavioural psychology
Cognitive psychology
Social psychology
Developmental psychology
Instructional psychology
Cognitive behavioural approaches
