L7 Instructional Psychology Flashcards
What is instructional psychology?
A branch of psychology with roots in behavioural psychology
- key factors in children’s learning environment
- effective teaching styles and methods
Failure to learn = Failure of instruction
What are the key principles from instructional psychology research?
Teach one skill at a time ‘
Teach to high level of fluency
Separate teaching for skills that are readily confused
Teach the most useful skill first
Distributed practice
Contextual diversity
Teach new skills directly and explicitly
What are the teaching learning approaches informed by instructional psychology?
Task analysis and behavioural objectives
Direct instruction
Precise teaching
What is task analysis and behavioural objectives?
Student learns a discrete skill and moves on to the next skill only when they have achieved the pre-requisite skills
They contain an action and they are observable
Evaluate task analysis and behaviour observation
Critique - if spread across curriculum, behavioural objectives approach would be restricted and dull
Advocate - regular approach for a small part of every day can produce considerable gains
What is the instructional hierarchy?
Adaptation
Generalisation
Mastery and maintenance
Fluency
Acquisition
What is direct instruction?
Teacher directed prescribed approach to teaching
Teach in less time
Teach an explicit and specific target
Ensure mastery in pupils learning by allowing them time to practice
What are the 5 principles of direct instruction?
All children can be taught
All children can improve
Low performers must be taught at a faster rate to catch up
All details of instruction must be controlled to minimise misinterpretation
Motivation and relationship
What is Haywood’s model of learning 2010?
Expressed ability:
- Domain knowledge e.g. pre-reading skills and decoding skills
- Executive function e.g. working memory and inhibitory control
- Motivation e.g. reading goals and purposes, reading self-efficacy
What is the basic teaching procedure for the direct instruction?
Model - the teacher demonstrates
Lead - teacher guides or leads
Test - perform the skill independently
Review - teacher retests them after a certain amount of time
What is the research into direct instruction?
75,000 children tested over 9 years
9 interventions were considered
Those who did DI were the only ones to produce positive outcomes
Klahr and Nigram 2004 - positive effects
Dean and Kuhn 2006 - over a longer period of time no superior effects
What is precision teaching?
Developed by Lindsley 1971
Making daily assignments of progress and providing immediate feedback to both learners and teachers
Brief structured teaching followed by 1 min probe with random presentation of the target items being learned, to assess progress towards success criteria
When do people use precision teaching?
Struggle to retain new learning
Have gaps in their learning
Behind in their learning
Require a more structured approach to their learning
Need to work on a specific area of difficulty
Pupils who benefit from practice that is little and often
What is the use of probing?
Encourage fluency and accuracy
Time assessed
Directly related and customised
Teach- test - record- feedback
What is the case study for precision teaching?
Ayesha 6yrs
Area of need - reading high frequency sight words
Aim rate for accuracy
Daily teaching interventions followed by 1 min timed probe sheet
