L9: Basic Principles of Memory Flashcards
describe Atkinsons & Shiffrin’s modal of memory
slide 4
stimulus
sensory memory (forgetting)
(attention leads to …)
short term-memory (rehearsal opposite to forgetting at this stage)
(encoding leads to…)
Long-term memory
(retrieval leads back to short-term memory)
describe sensory memory
- Sensations persist after the stimulus has disappeared
- Subject to very rapid decay
- Stores exist for visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) sensory information
- What is the capacity of these stores?
what is the proof for sensory memory
Sperling’s experiments
(1)
Presented matrix of letters for 1/20 seconds:
-Report as many letters as possible
-Subjects recalled only 5 - 6 of the letters
Was this because subjects didn’t have enough time to view entire matrix? NO
How did Sperling know this?
(2)
Sperling’s experiments
Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared:
- Tone signaled 1 row to report
- Recall was almost perfect
Memory for images fades after 1/3 seconds, making report of entire display hard to do
what is another name for short term memory
-working memory
describe the problems with the Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968) Modal model of memory
Baddeley
Dual task:
- B is preceded by A — BA True/False
- A is not followed by B — BA True/False
- Performed while remembering strings of digits
Results:
- Reasoning time increases in with digit load (consistent with unitary STS)
- BUT, increase in reasoning time is modest
- Error rate does not increase at all
describe the components of Baddeley & Hitch’s (1974) working memory model
visuo-spatial sketch pad
central executive
phonological store (Articulatory loop )
Baddeley and Hitch argued that working memory must comprise different components
Slide 12
what is the evidence for the phonological store
-
(1)
Phonological similarity effect:
-Baddeley (1966)
Presented lists of 5 words to write down in order:
List A: mad, cap, cat, map, cad
List B: pen, cow, bar, day, sup
List C: long, tall, wide, large, great
List D: foul, strong, hot, old, deep
Results:
Large effect of phonological similarity
No effect of semantic similarity
(2)
Word Length effect
-Baddeley et al., (1975)
Presented lists of 5 words to write down in order:
List A: some, harm, bond, yield, hate List B: … List C: … List D: … List E: association, considerable, representative, individual, immediately
Results:
Correct recall related to number of syllables
Strong correlation between reading speed and correct recall
Same effect found if number of syllables is the same but the lists are quicker to say:
bishop, wicket
Friday, harpoon
describe the features of a selective impairment to the phonological store
Several patients have been described who have severely reduced verbal spans (for all types of unconnected items)
- Intact word perception
- no problem with speech production
what is the lesion localisation location for short-term memory patients
- Left hemisphere
Usually affecting the parietal and temporal lobes
summarise the phonological store
Acts like a tape recorder for a limited time
The contents are actively refreshed by an articulatory loop
Disruption of the articulatory loop (e.g. Saying, “the… the… the…”) results in poor retention in the phonological store
describe the visuospatial sketchpad
- Necessary for holding online a sequence of visually guided actions
- Also necessary for “seeing in the mind’s eye”
what is the evidence for the visuospatial sketchpad
De Renzi & Nichelli (1975) showed some patients with brain damage had impaired digit spans some had impaired spatial spans
-“Double dissociation”; evidence for independent processes
Subsequent research has shown that the visuospatial sketchpad can itself be divided (Logie, 1995)
- Visual cache – passively stores visual information about form and colour
- Inner scribe – stores spatial and movement information and can rehearse the contents of the visual cache
Viewing abstract pictures interfered with the visual task, whereas tracing the outline of a series of pegs on a board interfered with the spatial task
look at slide 24
how was it
what is another name for long term memory and describe what it entails
Encoding:
- repeated exposure is not enough
- Which is the correct American cent coin?
describe Craik & Lockhart (1972) introduced the concept of “levels of processing”
type of processing : orthographic-phonological-semantic
level of processing- shallow- deep
retention- poor- good
describe the evidence for Craik & Lockhart (1972) model
Participants asked to made judgments about words
Is word in upper or lower case?
Does the word rhyme with hat?
Does the word fit the sentence “The cat sat on the ….. ?
Given a surprise memory test
see slide 28
why has encoding been hugely influential
- Downplays the importance of encoding as an independent process – it is processing per se that leads to durable memories
- Deep encoding or elaboration is one of the best ways to learn new material
describe the Roediger & Karpicke (2006)
Encoding: study-test versus studying alone:
Students were tested or restudied the passage
Memory was tested after 5 mins, 2 days or 1 week
RESULTS
Advantage for the study-test conditions after delay
Note: no feedback was provided in the “test” conditions
Conclusion
- Studying and then testing yourself leads to much better retention
- Retrieval practice effect
describe the relationship between encoding and retrieval-Morris et al model
But “Levels of Processing” only addresses encoding
Morris et al., 1977
- 2 acquisition conditions
- Semantic: “The _____ had a silver engine” “TRAIN”
- Rhyme: “______ rhymes with legal” “EAGLE”
- 2 test conditions
- Standard recognition: have you seen this before?
- Rhyming recognition: did you see a word that rhymes with this one before?
RESULTS
- Processing is goal directed
- A “shallow” processing task might be better if retrieval uses the same type of processing
=Transfer appropriate processing
describe the Godden & Baddeley model of encoding and retrieval
-Tested for words
On land or under sea
“Context” dependent memory
Also occurs for mood (“State” dependent memory Eich & Metcalfe, 1989)
