L22:The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat

Question 1

name some example of processes

Answer 1

1-Interpretation of sensory information
2-Association of perception with previous experience
3-Focusing of attention 
4-Conscious thought
5-Goal-directed action

Question 2

state the hierarchal organisation of sensory systems from highest to lowest

Answer 2

1-Association cortex
2-Secondary sensory cortex
3-Primary sensory cortex
4-Thalamic relay nuclei
5-Receptors

Question 3

describe the association cortex

Answer 3

• Association cortex:
• Unimodal association areas (single modality)
• Multimodal association areas (>1 modalities)
• Multimodal sensory association areas project to multimodal motor association areas (rostral to M1)
• Primary sensory area: initial stage of processing,
• Primary motor area: final stage for cortical processing of motor commands

Question 4

what are the 3 main multimodal association areas

Answer 4

1) Posterior association area (perception, language)
2) Temporal association area (emotion, memory)
3) Prefrontal association area (executive functions)

Question 5

define what these are:
1)Aggnosias

2) Apraxias
3) Aphasias

Answer 5

Agnosias: disorders of high-level sensory analysis

Apraxias: disorders of high-level motor co-ordination

Aphasias: disorders in communicating and using symbols

Question 6

describe how Information converges from unimodal to multimodal areas

Answer 6

Connections between cortical areas represent stages of information processing. At each stage progressively more abstract information is extracted from the sensory stimulus.
Kandel, Fig. 19.3

In the monkey, the PFC is a region for convergence of 5 corticocortical pathways that originate in primary somatic, auditory, visual, olfactory, and gustatory areas. The five pathways are relatively independent of one another until they reach the prefrontal cortex suggests the importance of this cortex as an area of cross-modality association.

Question 7

describe Serial and Parallel processing of sensory information

Answer 7

Selectiveactivationofface cellsin the inferior temporalcortexof a rhesus monkey. (A) Region of recording. (B) Theneuronbeing recorded from here responds selectively to faces seen from the front. Scrambled parts of faces (stimulus 2) or faces with parts omitted (stimulus 3) do not elicit a maximal response. The cell responds best to different monkey faces, as long as they are complete and viewed from the front (stimulus 4); the cell also responds to a bearded human face (stimulus 5), although not quite as robustly.

An irrelevant stimulus (in this case a hand; stimulus 6) does not elicit a response. (C) In this case, theneuronbeing recorded from responds to profiles of faces. A face viewed from the front (stimulus 1), 30° (stimulus 2), or 60° (stimulus 3) is not as effective as a true profile (stimulus 4). The cell will respond to profiles of different monkeys (stimulus 5), but is unresponsive to an irrelevant stimulus (in this case a brush; stimulus 6)

Question 8

describe how the Sequence of information processing is reversed in themotor system

Answer 8

Motor planning:
General outline of behaviour -> concrete motor responses

Frontal cortex: individual neurons fire for a range of related behaviours (not specific motor responses).
Movements and complex actions result from patterns of firing of large networks of neurons in the frontal lobe.

The premotor cortex generates motors programs and the neurons are active during preparation of movement. Motor cortex neurons mainly fire to produce movements in particular directions around specific joints.

Question 9

how is language processed in the brain

Answer 9

Language comes into brain through visual and auditory systems
Motor system: Produces speech, writing
Processing between sensory and motor systems; Essence of language

Question 10

describe where language is processed in the brain

Answer 10

• Broca’s area
• Auditory cortex
• Angular gyrus
• Motor cortex
• Wernicke’s area

Question 11

what procedure is used to determine which hemisphere is dominant for speech

Answer 11

• Wada Procedure
• Sodium amytal is injected into the left internal carotid artery

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Question 12

describe Aphasia in more detail

Answer 12

Broca’s, motor, nonfluent aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia- fluent speech, poor comprehension

Aphasia in bilinguals (order, fluency, use of language)

Aphasia and sign language

Question 13

look over the extra notes as well a the slide stuff in slide 22

Answer 13

how was it