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Question 1

Sensory neurons in the periphery (skin, organs) are called __ __

Answer 1

primary

afferents

Question 2

Primary afferents that detect pain are called__

Answer 2

nociceptors

Question 3

There are two classes of primary afferents: __ __

Answer 3

A fibers and C fibers

Question 4

A fibers are:
• ____ (fast conducting)
• end in specialized structures (__,__,__)
• Each structure detects specific __-__ stimuli (touch, temperature, vibration)

Answer 4

A fibers are:
• Myelinated 
Ruffini, Pacinian, Meissner)
• Each structure detects specific non-
painful stimuli (touch, temperature, vibration)

Question 5

C fibers are:
• __ (slow conducting)
• end as __ __ __in the superficial layers of the __
• detect many types of __ stimuli (thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical)
• ___NOCICEPTOR

Answer 5

C fibers are:
• unmyelinated (slow conducting)
•free nerve endings; skin
• painful stimuli (thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical)
• POLYMODAL NOCICEPTOR

Question 6

Painful stimuli are detected on free nerve endings of _ fibers by specialized receptors

• __
• __

Answer 6

C fibers by specialized receptors

TRPV1, TRPA1

Question 7

TRPV1
• activated by __ and __ (capsicum plants, i.e. chilis)
• causes __ pain

Answer 7

TRPV1
heat and capsaicin
• causes burning pain

Question 8

TRPA1
• __ __ (mustard oil)
• __, __

Answer 8

TRPA1
• allyl isothionate (mustard oil)
• burning, inflammation

Question 9

• Urishol, found in __ __, crosses the skin and
initiates an __ reaction that activates __, __, and __ receptors
• causes __ and __

Answer 9

• Urishol, found in poison ivy, crosses the skin and
initiates an inflammatory reaction that activates NK,
BK, and cytokine receptors
• causes itch and pain

Question 10

Inflammatory Receptors EXAMPLE - 3

Answer 10

neurokinin (NK),
bradykinin (BK),
cytokines

Question 11

• C fiber primary/secondary afferents synapse onto secondary __ in the __ __ of the spinal cord.
• Secondary afferents carry __ information up the spinal cord to the __

Answer 11

• C fiber primary afferents synapse onto secondary afferents in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
• Secondary afferents carry nociceptive information up the spinal
cord to the brain

Question 12

nociception:

Answer 12

relay of pain
signal from periphery to
the brain

Question 13

pain:

Answer 13

integration of that
pain signal with cognitive
and emotional context
(requires the brain,
always a subjective
experience)

Question 14

nociception is a combo of three things: __,__,__

Answer 14

sensory, cognitive, emotional

Question 15

willowbark produces __ __ (__ ) -> decreases __ at the level of the __ __ __

Answer 15

willowbark produces salicylic acid (aspiriN) -> decreases inflammation at the level of the primary afferent nociceptor

Question 16

Opium =
Opiates =
Opioid =

Answer 16

Opium = dried latex obtained from the poppy
Opiates = any drug derived from opium
Opioid = any drug that binds to an opioid receptor
Includes opiates, as well as synthetic opioid agonists
(fentanyl,heroin, oxycontin)

Question 17

opioid receptors are excitatory/inhibitory G protein coupled receptors agonists

like morphine - activate opioid receptors, but that
activation leads to increased/decreased likelihood that the neuron will fire

Answer 17

opioid receptors are inhibitory G protein coupled receptors agonists

like morphine - activate opioid receptors, but that
activation leads to decreased likelihood that the neuron will fire

Question 18

There are 3 classes of opioid receptors:

Answer 18

mu, delta, and kappa

Question 19

mu receptor activation leads to

Answer 19

analgesia

euphoria

Question 20

delta receptor activation

Answer 20

decreases

anxiety

Question 21

kappa receptor activation

Answer 21

analgesia

dysphoria

Question 22

mu typical agonists - 4

Answer 22

heroin,
morphine,
oxycodone,
fentanyl

Question 23

delta typical agonists

Answer 23

some drugs being developed to treat chronic

pain conditions, like migraine (SNC80)

Question 24

kappa typical agonists

Answer 24

salvinorin

Question 25

opioid receptors ____ | nociceptors (__ fibers) to block __ in the ___

Answer 25

opioid receptors inhibit | nociceptors (C fibers) to block nociception in the spinal cord

Question 26

• Dopamine is involved in ___ behavior. • Dopamine neurons are located primarily in the ___ • Opioid receptors in the VTA are located on __ ___ interneurons • So, opioids inhibit inhibition (called ____) leading to dopamine release

Answer 26

* Dopamine is involved in motivated behavior. * Dopamine neurons are located primarily in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) * Opioid receptors in the VTA are located on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons * So, opioids inhibit inhibition (called disinhibition) leading to dopamine release

Question 27

opioid receptors inhibit pain by: 1) decreasing ___ at the level of the C fiber, in the spinal cord, and in the __ 2) decreasing the __ and ___ aspects of pain (make the pain bother you more/less)

Answer 27

1) decreasing nociception at the level of the C fiber, in the spinal cord, and in the thalamus 2) decreasing the emotional and cognitive aspects of pain (make the pain bother you less)

Question 28

t/f: Drugs that target the sensory, as well as cognitive and emotional circuits, will always be better analgesics

Answer 28

t

Question 29

cannabis = _____ most studied bioactive compounds __,__ cannabinoids = ____

Answer 29

genus of flowering plant. tetrahydrocannabinol THC, cannabidiol CBD ``` class of chemical compounds that act at the cannabinoid receptors. ```

Question 30

__is the primary psychoactive compound in | cannabis.

Answer 30

THC

Question 31

Endogenous | Cannabinoids agonists

Answer 31

anandamide (CB1 agonist), | 2-AG (CB2 agonist)

Question 32

Endogenous | Cannabinoids effect

Answer 32

regulate feeding, pain, mood

Question 33

Botanical | Cannabinoids agonists

Answer 33

THC (CB1 agonist), | CBD (CB2 agonist)

Question 34

Botanical | Cannabinoids effects

Answer 34

increase appetite, decrease | pain, decrease inflammation

Question 35

Synthetic Cannabinoids agonists

Answer 35

nabilone (CB1 agonist)

Question 36

Synthetic Cannabinoids effect

Answer 36

decreases nausea, moderately | decreases pain

Question 37

Cannabinoid receptors (__ and __) are

Answer 37

inhibitory GPCRs (like opioid receptors).

Question 38

Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed through the ____ and ____(like opioid receptors). Like opioids, they are block both ___, and ____,__aspects of pain.

Answer 38

Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed through the peripheral and central nervous systems (like opioid receptors). Like opioids, they are block both nociception, and cognitive and emotional aspects of pain.

Question 39

t/f: Smoked (or vaped) cannabis may be effective at treating conditions like chronic pain, chemotherapy induced nausea, and others

Answer 39

t

Question 40

smoked plant ideal/not ideal | why?

Answer 40

smoked plant not ideal, because hard to control dose (different plants have different levels of active drug)

Question 41

efforts to design synthetic cannabinoids (CB1 or CB2 agonists) - rate of success is it as effective as smoked cannabis? why

Answer 41

some success, but not nearly as effective as smoked cannabis Inhalation may be optimal route of administration (easy to titrate, quick onset);

Question 42

May be collection of ___ in the cannabis plant that amplify ___/ ___ effects

Answer 42

May be collection of phytochemical in the cannabis plant that amplify analgesic/cognitive effects