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bot 380 > l9 > Flashcards

l9 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory neurons in the periphery (skin, organs) are called __ __

A

primary

afferents

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2
Q

Primary afferents that detect pain are called__

A

nociceptors

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3
Q

There are two classes of primary afferents: __ __

A

A fibers and C fibers

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4
Q

A fibers are:
• ____ (fast conducting)
• end in specialized structures (__,__,__)
• Each structure detects specific __-__ stimuli (touch, temperature, vibration)

A 
A fibers are:
• Myelinated 
Ruffini, Pacinian, Meissner)
• Each structure detects specific non-
painful stimuli (touch, temperature, vibration)
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5
Q

C fibers are:
• __ (slow conducting)
• end as __ __ __in the superficial layers of the __
• detect many types of __ stimuli (thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical)
• ___NOCICEPTOR

A 
C fibers are:
• unmyelinated (slow conducting)
•free nerve endings; skin
• painful stimuli (thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical)
• POLYMODAL NOCICEPTOR
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6
Q

Painful stimuli are detected on free nerve endings of _ fibers by specialized receptors

  • __
  • __
A

C fibers by specialized receptors

TRPV1, TRPA1

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7
Q

TRPV1
• activated by __ and __ (capsicum plants, i.e. chilis)
• causes __ pain

A

TRPV1
heat and capsaicin
• causes burning pain

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8
Q

TRPA1
• __ __ (mustard oil)
• __, __

A

TRPA1
• allyl isothionate (mustard oil)
• burning, inflammation

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9
Q

• Urishol, found in __ __, crosses the skin and
initiates an __ reaction that activates __, __, and __ receptors
• causes __ and __

A

• Urishol, found in poison ivy, crosses the skin and
initiates an inflammatory reaction that activates NK,
BK, and cytokine receptors
• causes itch and pain

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10
Q

Inflammatory Receptors EXAMPLE - 3

A

neurokinin (NK),
bradykinin (BK),
cytokines

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11
Q
  • C fiber primary/secondary afferents synapse onto secondary __ in the __ __ of the spinal cord.
  • Secondary afferents carry __ information up the spinal cord to the __
A

• C fiber primary afferents synapse onto secondary afferents in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
• Secondary afferents carry nociceptive information up the spinal
cord to the brain

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12
Q

nociception:

A

relay of pain
signal from periphery to
the brain

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13
Q

pain:

A 
integration of that
pain signal with cognitive
and emotional context
(requires the brain,
always a subjective
experience)
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14
Q

nociception is a combo of three things: __,__,__

A

sensory, cognitive, emotional

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15
Q

willowbark produces __ __ (__ ) -> decreases __ at the level of the __ __ __

A

willowbark produces salicylic acid (aspiriN) -> decreases inflammation at the level of the primary afferent nociceptor

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16
Q

Opium =
Opiates =
Opioid =

A

Opium = dried latex obtained from the poppy
Opiates = any drug derived from opium
Opioid = any drug that binds to an opioid receptor
Includes opiates, as well as synthetic opioid agonists
(fentanyl,heroin, oxycontin)

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17
Q

opioid receptors are excitatory/inhibitory G protein coupled receptors agonists

like morphine - activate opioid receptors, but that
activation leads to increased/decreased likelihood that the neuron will fire

A

opioid receptors are inhibitory G protein coupled receptors agonists

like morphine - activate opioid receptors, but that
activation leads to decreased likelihood that the neuron will fire

18
Q

There are 3 classes of opioid receptors:

A

mu, delta, and kappa

19
Q

mu receptor activation leads to

A

analgesia

euphoria

20
Q

delta receptor activation

A

decreases

anxiety

21
Q

kappa receptor activation

A

analgesia

dysphoria

22
Q

mu typical agonists - 4

A

heroin,
morphine,
oxycodone,
fentanyl

23
Q

delta typical agonists

A

some drugs being developed to treat chronic

pain conditions, like migraine (SNC80)

24
Q

kappa typical agonists

A

salvinorin

25
Q

opioid receptors ____

nociceptors (__ fibers) to block __ in the ___

A

opioid receptors inhibit

nociceptors (C fibers) to block nociception in the spinal cord

26
Q

• Dopamine is involved in ___ behavior.
• Dopamine neurons are located primarily in the
___
• Opioid receptors in the VTA are located on
__ ___ interneurons
• So, opioids inhibit inhibition (called ____)
leading to dopamine release

A
  • Dopamine is involved in motivated behavior.
  • Dopamine neurons are located primarily in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • Opioid receptors in the VTA are located on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons
  • So, opioids inhibit inhibition (called disinhibition) leading to dopamine release
27
Q

opioid receptors inhibit pain by:

1) decreasing ___ at the level of the C fiber, in the spinal cord, and in the __
2) decreasing the __ and ___ aspects of pain (make the pain bother you more/less)

A

1) decreasing nociception at the level of the C fiber, in the spinal cord, and in the thalamus
2) decreasing the emotional and cognitive aspects of pain (make the pain bother you less)

28
Q

t/f: Drugs that target the sensory, as well as cognitive and emotional circuits, will always be better analgesics

A

t

29
Q

cannabis = _____
most studied bioactive compounds __,__
cannabinoids = ____

A

genus of flowering plant.

tetrahydrocannabinol THC,
cannabidiol CBD

class of chemical compounds that act at the cannabinoid
receptors.
30
Q

__is the primary psychoactive compound in

cannabis.

A

THC

31
Q

Endogenous

Cannabinoids agonists

A

anandamide (CB1 agonist),

2-AG (CB2 agonist)

32
Q

Endogenous

Cannabinoids effect

A

regulate feeding, pain, mood

33
Q

Botanical

Cannabinoids agonists

A

THC (CB1 agonist),

CBD (CB2 agonist)

34
Q

Botanical

Cannabinoids effects

A

increase appetite, decrease

pain, decrease inflammation

35
Q

Synthetic Cannabinoids agonists

A

nabilone (CB1 agonist)

36
Q

Synthetic Cannabinoids effect

A

decreases nausea, moderately

decreases pain

37
Q

Cannabinoid receptors (__ and __) are

A

inhibitory GPCRs (like opioid receptors).

38
Q

Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed through the ____ and
____(like opioid receptors). Like opioids, they are
block both ___, and ____,__aspects of pain.

A

Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed through the peripheral and
central nervous systems (like opioid receptors). Like opioids, they are
block both nociception, and cognitive and emotional aspects of pain.

39
Q

t/f: Smoked (or vaped) cannabis may be
effective at treating conditions like
chronic pain, chemotherapy induced
nausea, and others

A

t

40
Q

smoked plant ideal/not ideal

why?

A

smoked plant not ideal, because hard
to control dose (different plants have
different levels of active drug)

41
Q

efforts to design synthetic cannabinoids
(CB1 or CB2 agonists) -
rate of success
is it as effective as smoked cannabis? why

A

some success, but not nearly as effective as smoked cannabis

Inhalation may be optimal route of administration (easy to titrate, quick onset);

42
Q

May be collection of ___ in the cannabis plant that amplify ___/ ___ effects

A

May be collection of phytochemical in the cannabis plant that amplify analgesic/cognitive effects

bot 380 (4 decks)

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