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Question 1

Ginseng
• Several __ species all tend to be called _
• Most ginsengs belong to __ genus
• Derived from the Greek ‘__’ which means panacea
» ‘pan’ = _
» ‘akos’ = _
– ‘_ _’ ascribed to the plant by traditional _ medicine

Answer 1

Ginseng
• related, ginseng 
• Panax 
• Panakos
» ‘pan’ = all
» ‘akos’ =cure
– ‘Miraculous virtue’; Chinese

Question 2

Panax ginseng AKA __ or _ ginseng
– ‘true ginseng’ ->Cultivated now in _, _, , and _
– white ginseng -> and _ root
– Red ginseng -> Steamed with __ intact and then __
– Preparation technique may effect __ extracted and __ effect

Answer 2

Panax ginseng
Chinese or Korean ginseng
– ‘true ginseng’
• Cultivated now in China, Korea, Japan, and Russia
– White ginseng
• Peeled and dried root
– Red ginseng
• Steamed with root intact and then dried
– Preparation technique may effect chemicals extracted and pharmacological effect

Question 3

– Most studied giseng form in scientific literature

Answer 3

Panax ginseng

Question 4

Panax quinquefolius aka __
– Grows from __ to __ -> in the shade of __ __ __
– __% is commercially produced in __
– Ginseng is expensive to produce -> __ to plant and harvest __ acre
– Seeds have high/low rate of germination and grow fast/slowly
– Should grow for __ years before cultivation -> Pure American ginseng can sell for __-__ per pound

Answer 4

Panax quinquefolius aka American ginseng

– Grows from Quebec to Florida -> in the shade of eastern hardwood trees
– 80% is commercially produced in Wisconsin
– Ginseng is expensive to produce -> $20,000 to plant and harvest one acre
– Seeds have low rate of germination and grow slowly
– Should grow for 6 years before cultivation -> Pure American ginseng can sell for $400-$600 per pound

Question 5

Panax quinquefolius
– U.S. sales are $__ annually
– Ginseng is __ species in U.S.
– This variety of ginseng is the material from which the active ingredient in __ is purified

Answer 5

– U.S. sales are $300 million annually
– Ginseng is endangered species in U.S.
– This variety of ginseng is the material from which the active ingredient in Cold-FX is purified

Question 6

Chinese and North American Indigenous language

• Name of ginseng means ‘__’

Answer 6

manlike

Question 7

historical uses of ginseng
– ___ - Maintains __ potency in males
– Treat __, ___, __ __ pain
– __ extracts given as general tonic to give added __ and to __ __

Answer 7

Aphrodisiac
• Maintains sexual potency in males
– Treat asthma, anemia, lower back pain
– Root extracts given as general tonic to give added energy and to maintain health

Question 8

Adaptogenic meaning

what plant does this

Answer 8

Increases the biological and mental resistance to stress

ginseng

Question 9

how is ginseng Adaptogenic
• Improves mental \_\_, _, and powers of _
• Increases _ by _ over fatigue
• Increases resistance to a wide variety of _, _, and
_ stresses

Answer 9

Improves mental efficiency, accuracy, and powers of
concentration
• Increases endurance by preventing over fatigue
• Increases resistance to a wide variety of physical, chemical, and
biological stresses

Question 10

active ingredients of ginseng

extracts

Answer 10

Cyclic triterpenes glycosides
• Saponins
– Ginsenosides
» Panaxadiols and panaxatriols
– Panaxosides
– Chikusetsusaponins

Question 11

Different__ are produced depending

on whether white or red ginseng is prepared

Answer 11

ginsenosides

Question 12

Rb-1 and Rg-1 have both _ and _ effects on the CNS

• Prevents _ deficits and _

Answer 12

Rb-1 and Rg-1 have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the
CNS
• Prevents memory deficits and amnesia

Question 13

Rb-1 increases __ uptake into _ endings and facilitates
acetylcholine _
• More _ related signaling overall

Answer 13

Rb-1 increases choline uptake into nerve endings and facilitates
acetylcholine release
• More acetycholine related signaling overall

Question 14

Rg-1 rescues neurons from _ damage and _

neuronal death

Answer 14

Rg-1 rescues neurons from ischemic damage and delays

neuronal death

Question 15

Ginsenosides may act as agonists at _
receptors
– Activation of GABA pathways may _ CNS

Answer 15

Ginsenosides may act as agonists at GABA
receptors
– Activation of GABA pathways may depress CNS

Question 16

American Ginseng
– __ Rb-1, very low/high amounts of Rg-1
– Treatment of ,,_

Answer 16

American Ginseng
– High Rb-1, very low amounts of Rg-1
– Treatment of insomnia, indigestion, toothaches

Question 17

Chinese Ginseng
– _ Rg-1, _ Rb-1
– __ __ effects
– Ability to overcome _ and _ stress

Answer 17

Chinese Ginseng
– High Rg-1, low Rb-1
– Health promoting effects
– Ability to overcome fatigue and physical stress

Question 18

Differences in __ suggests variation in the __ of Ginseng species

Answer 18

Differences in ginsenosides suggests variation in the

effects of Ginseng species

Question 19

Overall, ginseng has more historical accounts
for use as a __ __
does it have scientific evidence to back up this claim

Answer 19

Overall, ginseng has more historical accounts
for use as a cognitive enhancer,

not as much - has more historical accounts compared to scientific claims

Question 20

Ginkgo biloba

– a.k.a.

Answer 20

Kew or Maidenhair tree

Question 21

Gymnosperm
– Has existed for more than \_\_ \_\_ years
– Living specimens estimated to be more than \_\_\_ years old
•\_\_ bearing tree
  – Seeds are \_\_, \_\_/\_\_
•\_\_ shaped\_\_ leaves
• Produce\_\_ insecticide

Answer 21

200 million
3,000
Seed
round, yellow/green
Fan, green
acidic

Question 22

Gymnosperm

Only species in its own division:

Answer 22

Ginkgophyta

Question 23

__million ginkgo trees are in cultivation for preparation of herbal supplements

Answer 23

50

Question 24

Shen Nung: gingko usage
– Uses __ to treat __
loss and __ ailments

Answer 24

– Uses leaves to treat memory loss and breathing ailments

Question 25

gingko tree introduced into Europe and North America in__ century – Not commonly used until the __

Answer 25

18th | 1960s

Question 26

Gingko extracts now marketed and Commonly prescribed __ in France and Germany

Answer 26

natural ‘drug

Question 27

t/f: for gingko Specific active compound(s) remain unknown

Answer 27

t

Question 28

candidates of active compounds in gingko: • Flavonoid glycosides - Apignenin, myricetin, kaemferol • Biflavones • Terpenes - Ginkgolides A,B,C, M, and J • Diterpenes - Only found in roots and leaves of this tree – Bilobalide - Sesquiterpene • Proanthocyanidins - antioxidant effects

Answer 28

candidates of active compounds in gingko: • Flavonoid glycosides - Apignenin, myricetin, kaemferol • Biflavones • Terpenes - Ginkgolides A,B,C, M, and J • Diterpenes - Only found in roots and leaves of this tree – Bilobalide - Sesquiterpene • Proanthocyanidins - antioxidant effects

Question 29

Ginkgo – Increases uptake of ___ into ___ neurons • Results in enhanced release of __ – Increases number of __ receptors -> ___ mechanisms are associated with cognitive effects – Increases uptake of __ – Inhibits ___ that usually break down __ like dopamine

Answer 29

– Increases uptake of choline into presynaptic neurons • Results in enhanced release of acetylcholine – Increases number of muscarinic receptors • Cholinergic mechanisms are associated with cognitive effects – Increases uptake of serotonin – Inhibits monoamine oxidases (MOAs) that usually break down monoamines like dopamine

Question 30

overall effect of gingko mechanism

Answer 30

more acetylcholine, coupled with dopamine and serotonin actions

Question 31

Ginkgo Effects: • __ -> Increased peripheral ___ flow • __ -> Neuroprotective; Shows improvement in __ in animal and human studies – __, but beneficial effects in ___ disease – ___ effects to currently prescribed drugs that have similar __ mechanisms • ___ toxicity and side effects of Ginkgo make it a good approach for treating ___ defects

Answer 31

• Vasodilation -> Increased peripheral blood flow • Antioxidant -> Neuroprotective; Shows improvement in memory in animal and human studies – Modest, but beneficial effects in Alzheimer’s disease – Comparable effects to currently prescribed drugs that have similar cholinergic mechanisms • Low toxicity and side effects of Ginkgo make it a good approach for treating cognitive defects

Question 32

Hypericum perforatum

Answer 32

- Saint John’s-Wort

Question 33

Traditional Uses of Saint John’s-Wort – Treatment of _, _, _ – Used in ancient Greece and medieval Europe to _ • ‘wort’ is Old English for _ • Harvested on the eve of _ _ day and _ to _ the air

Answer 33

``` – Treatment of depression, insomnia, anxiety – Used in ancient Greece and medieval Europe to ward off evil spirits • ‘wort’ is Old English for herb • Harvested on the eve of St. John’s day and burned to purify the air ```

Question 34

modern Uses of Saint John’s-Wort : focused on _-_ effects • Widely prescribed in _

Answer 34

focused on anti- depressive effects • Widely prescribed in Europe

Question 35

Saint-John’s Wort – Historically used to rid the insane of _ spirits Commonly used now to treat _ and _ – Alternative to _ drugs like _

Answer 35

– Historically used to rid the insane of evil spirits Commonly used now to treat anxiety and depression – Alternative to SSRI drugs like Prozac

Question 36

__ times more popular in __ than in USA (late 1990s) – Initially, extraction methods were the same/differ between the two countries – Random survey of 10 brands of St. John’s Wort • 3 had _ the potency listed • 4 had less than _% of indicated potency

Answer 36

Seven times more popular in Europe than in USA (late 1990s) – Initially, extraction methods differ between the two countries – Random survey of 10 brands of St. John’s Wort • 3 had half the potency listed • 4 had less than 90% of indicated potency

Question 37

Saint-John’s Wort chemistry At least _ active compounds – clear/Unclear which are responsible for pharmacological effect • Napthodianthrones -> _ and _ have _ inhibiting properties • Terpenes, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Phloroglucinols • Xanthones

Answer 37

At least 10 active compounds – Unclear which are responsible for pharmacological effect • Napthodianthrones -> Hypericin and pseudohypericin have MAO inhibiting properties • Terpenes, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Phloroglucinols • Xanthones

Question 38

Saint-John’s Wort Possible mechanism(s) of action – Hypericin (_ inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of _ – Flavonols (_ inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of _ -> • Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase – Inhibits reuptake of _ – Inhibits _ reuptake and activates _ receptors

Answer 38

Possible mechanism(s) of action – Hypericin (MAO inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of serotonin – Flavonols (COMT inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of neurotransmitters • Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase – Inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters – Inhibits GABA reuptake and activates GABA receptors

Question 39

t/f: Completely unclear which (if any) mechanisms are | responsible for anti-depressant effects in Saint-John’s Wort

Answer 39

t

Question 40

Saint-John’s Wort | t/f: In addition, it’s possible that some active compounds incorrectly identified

Answer 40

t

Question 41

Saint-John’s Wort has historically been _ for amounts of _ | – May not be indicative of other active ingredients and relevant doses.

Answer 41

Saint-John’s Wort has historically been standardized for amounts of hypericin – May not be indicative of other active ingredients and relevant doses.

Question 42

``` t/f: Saint-John’s Wort is a good demonstration that standardization and better testing of active compounds are necessary if herbal medicines are to be accepted ```

Answer 42

``` Saint-John’s Wort is a good demonstration that standardization and better testing of active compounds are necessary if herbal medicines are to be accepted ```

Question 43

hypericin is part of what plant and what type of compound is it

Answer 43

Saint-John’s Wort | phenolic

Question 44

Zingiber officinale

Answer 44

– Ginger

Question 45

ginger Extensive historical use – Known use in __ as early as 14th century B.C. – Ancient Greeks and Romans – Common import from __ from 11-13th centuries – Mentioned in the __ as part of a divine drink

Answer 45

Extensive historical use – Known use in China as early as 14th century B.C. – Ancient Greeks and Romans – Common import from Asia from 11-13th centuries – Mentioned in the Koran as part of a divine drink

Question 46

Ginger (Zingiber) is from an _ word meaning _ _ _ – __ herbal tradition • To treat rhinitis, gingivitis, toothache, cramps, diabetes, stroke ``` – Spanish introduce it to _ and _ _ • Widely cultivated in these areas • Ginger is generally used for therapeutic effects on _ and _ function • Major _ spice ```

Answer 46

Ginger (Zingiber) is from an Arabic word meaning root of India – Ayurvedic herbal tradition • To treat rhinitis, gingivitis, toothache, cramps, diabetes, stroke – Spanish introduce it to Jamaica and West Indies • Widely cultivated in these areas • Ginger is generally used for therapeutic effects on digestion and gastrointestinal function • Major cooking spice

Question 47

Ginger Preparations • Harvested – 8-9 __ after planting to make dried ginger _ – 5-6 months for _ use • Crystallized and candied and made into _ • Made into ginger oil for flavoring • Drunk as ginger ale or ginger beer – Traditionally made by _ ginger with other spices into _ beverage • Now, just has more ginger in it, rather than _

Answer 47

• Harvested – 8-9 months after planting to make dried ginger powder – 5-6 months for fresh use • Crystallized and candied and made into syrups • Made into ginger oil for flavoring • Drunk as ginger ale or ginger beer – Traditionally made by fermenting ginger with other spices into alcoholic beverage • Now, just has more ginger in it, rather than alcohol

Question 48

Widespread historical uses of herbal compounds for psychological disorders – _ advocates use of cocaine to alleviate __ – Cannabis and opium were used to treat __ Discovery of psychopharmacological medications is important – Represent _ methods to treat this variety of illness – Leads to better understanding of _ _ and normal brain function

Answer 48

Widespread historical uses of herbal compounds for psychological disorders – Freud advocates use of cocaine to alleviate depression – Cannabis and opium were used to treat agitation Discovery of psychopharmacological medications is important – Represent first methods to treat this variety of illness – Leads to better understanding of mental illnesses and normal brain function

Question 49

ginger chemistry: Chemical composition affected by maturity at _, _, _ origin – Compounds primarily harvested from the _ of the plant • Ginger is _% lipids • The oil extract contains _ - Zingiberene (sesquiterpene), Zingiberol, Bisabolene • Primary pungent chemical is _ _: Gingerol

Answer 49

ginger chemistry Chemical composition affected by maturity at harvest, climate, geographic origin – Compounds primarily harvested from the rhizome of the plant • Ginger is 7% lipids • The oil extract contains terpenoids – Zingiberene (sesquiterpene), Zingiberol, Bisabolene • Primary pungent chemical is aromatic ketone – Gingerol

Question 50

``` Ginger Effects – ‘Good for _’ • Increases _ emptying and _ motility – Antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesia, antiemetic • Reduces _ sickness – Inhibits _ aggregation – _ ```

Answer 50

``` Ginger Effects – ‘Good for digestion’ • Increases bile emptying and gastric motility – Antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesia, antiemetic • Reduces motion sickness – Inhibits platelet aggregation – Antidepressant ```

Question 51

ginger mechanism of action: Cellular studies, animal models, etc.: Observations have mostly been made _ _ • Eicosanoid inhibition - Could be related to _ relief and reduction of _ - Ginger extract inhibits formation of _, _, _ • _ receptor antagonism: Related to _ action? • Substance _ release: Like capsaicin, may deplete stores and result in _

Answer 51

Cellular studies, animal models, etc.: Observations have mostly been made • Eicosanoid inhibition – Could be related to pain relief and reduction of inflammation • Ginger extract inhibits formation of thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins • Serotonin receptor antagonism – Related to antidepressant action? • Substance P release – Like capsaicin, may deplete stores and result in analgesia • Unclear how/if these are related to the physiological effects of ginger

Question 52

Hydrastis Canadensis

Answer 52

(Goldenseal)

Question 53

Goldenseal • Several common names: yellow root, tumeric root, and eye root • “Goldenseal” comes from _ _ left on _ that appear in _

Answer 53

Goldenseal • Several common names: yellow root, tumeric root, and eye root • “Goldenseal” comes from yellow scars left on rhizome that appear in spring

Question 54

goldenseal • Native to _ _ – _ herbaceous plant – Grows in rich, wooded, moist _: southwestern _-_ – About 30cm in height, has terminal small _-_ _, with no _ • Medical rhizome: bright _ with an _ smell, horizontal and bears numerous slender _ – Recently classified as _ as its popularity has increased • Makes export of whole _ and other parts _ without a permit – Cultivation techniques similar to _

Answer 54

goldenseal • Native to North America – Perennial herbaceous plant – Grows in rich, wooded, moist meadows: southwestern Ontario to Alabama – About 30cm in height, has terminal small greenish-white flower, with no petals • Medical rhizome: bright yellow with an acrid smell, horizontal and bears numerous slender roots – Recently classified as endangered as its popularity has increased • Makes export of whole root and other parts illegal without a permit – Cultivation techniques similar to Ginseng

Question 55

historical use of goldenseal Historical – Indigenous Americans: root as both _ and _ • Root supplied brilliant _ for coloring clothes, weapons and skin painting. – Mid _ century: Used by _ settlers to treat skin diseases, ulcers, gonorrhea and arrow wounds.

Answer 55

historical use of goldenseal Historical – Indigenous Americans: root as both dye and medicine • Root supplied brilliant yellow for coloring clothes, weapons and skin painting. – Mid 19th century: • Used by European settlers to treat skin diseases, ulcers, gonorrhea and arrow wounds.

Question 56

– Goldenseal extracts now marketed: • _ root is main form of trade – Capsules, drops etc. available as well – Often is/is not used in combination with other herbs (especially _) – Cure all: Cancer to _ disease and _ – Limited evidence

Answer 56

– Goldenseal extracts now marketed: • Powdered root is main form of trade – Capsules, drops etc. available as well – Often used in combination with other herbs (especially Echinacea) – Cure all: Cancer to heart disease and pain – Limited evidence

Question 57

Goldenseal Chemistry Total of _ alkaloids reported • Two primary active constituents of goldenseal: – β-hydrastine (1.5-4%) and berberine (0.5-6%) and canadine (0.5-1%)

Answer 57

Total of 21 alkaloids reported • Two primary active constituents of goldenseal: – β-hydrastine (1.5-4%) and berberine (0.5-6%) and canadine (0.5-1%)

Question 58

β-Hydrastine (Chemistry & Application) • Discovered by __ • Isoquinoline __ – _ in water, but freely soluble in _ and _ – formerly used as an astringent, vasoconstrictor, and uterine stimulant • _ properties

Answer 58

• Discovered by Alfred P. Durand • Isoquinoline alkoloid – Insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol and acetone – formerly used as an astringent, vasoconstrictor, and uterine stimulant • Vasoconstricting properties

Question 59

Berberine (Chemistry) • Quaternary ammonium salt from group of __ __ • Dissolves _ in water • Found in plants listed: Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, Hydrastis canadensis, Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Eschscholzia california and Coptis chinensis • Usually found in _, _, _ and _

Answer 59

• Quaternary ammonium salt from group of isoquinoline alkaloids • Dissolves easily in water • Found in plants listed: Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, Hydrastis canadensis, Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Eschscholzia california and Coptis chinensis • Usually found in roots, rhizomes, stems and bark

Question 60

Berberine applications: | - absorption through _ and _ (slowly) -> peak [plasma] in _hrs, _ hrs to clear, excreted in _

Answer 60

Berberine applications: | - absorption through skin and orally (slowly) -> peak [plasma] in 4hrs, 8 hrs to clear, excreted in urine

Question 61

Biosynthesis of beta-hydrastine and berberine - radioactive molecules introduced to goldenseal: _,_,_,_ - 2 potential hypothesis - AA hypothesis (classical): _ + _ precursors of _ - prephenic acid hypothesis: _ (tyrosine’s biochemical precursor) is progenitor

Answer 61

Biosynthesis of beta-hydrastine and berberine - radioactive molecules introduced to goldenseal: glucose, phenylalanine, tyrosine, dopamine - 2 potential hypothesis - AA hypothesis (classical): tyrosine + dopa precursors of alkaloids - prephenic acid hypothesis: prephenic (tyrosine’s biochemical precursor) is progenitor

Question 62

Both __ and __ alkaloid derived from two molecules of tyrosine

Answer 62

Both beta-hydrastine and berberine alkaloid derived from two molecules of tyrosine

Question 63

- __ specific precursor for beta-hydrastine | - only __ dopamine molecule used

Answer 63

- dopamine specific precursor for beta-hydrastine | - only 1 dopamine molecule used

Question 64

Clinical studies on berberine: cancer - tested in vivo/vitro - __ and anti __ mechanisms

Answer 64

Clinical studies on berberine: cancer - tested in vivo/vitro - Antineoplastic and anti proliferation mechanisms

Question 65

For goldenseal - can dry underground _ or _ to make tea/liquid extract to treat : - _, _ infections, _, _ infections, _ treatment

Answer 65

For goldenseal - can dry underground stems or roots to make tea/liquid extract to treat : - colds, respiratory infections, diarrhea, eye infections, topical treatment

Question 66

Before purchasing goldenseal, it is analyzed by _ _ _

Answer 66

Before purchasing goldenseal, it is analyzed by quality control lab

Question 67

Future for goldenseal

Answer 67

- further clinical trials needed

Question 68

Cognition

Answer 68

ability to intelligently process info

Question 69

Why look for cognitive enhancing drugs | 2

Answer 69

- optimize mental functioning | - treat dementia

Question 70

Herbal cognitive enhancers: solanceae family - plants include: _,_,_ - _ inhibitng effects -> _ levels rise, high concentration of this may be toxic

Answer 70

potato, tomato, eggplant | cholinesterase inhibitng effects -> Ach levels rise, high concentration of this may be toxic

Question 71

Herbal cognitive enhancers: vicia faba/fava Beans - _ family Contains significant amounts of __ - need to consume __ amounts to get therapeutic dose

Answer 71

- fabaceae family Contains significant amounts of L-DOPA - need to consume large amounts to get therapeutic dose