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bot 380 > l10 > Flashcards

l10 Flashcards

1
Q

Ginseng
• Several __ species all tend to be called _
• Most ginsengs belong to __ genus
• Derived from the Greek ‘__’ which means panacea
» ‘pan’ = _
» ‘akos’ = _
– ‘_ _’ ascribed to the plant by traditional _ medicine

A 
Ginseng
• related, ginseng 
• Panax 
• Panakos
» ‘pan’ = all
» ‘akos’ =cure
– ‘Miraculous virtue’; Chinese
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2
Q

Panax ginseng AKA __ or _ ginseng
– ‘true ginseng’ ->Cultivated now in _, _, , and _
– white ginseng -> and _ root
– Red ginseng -> Steamed with __ intact and then __
– Preparation technique may effect __ extracted and __ effect

A

Panax ginseng
Chinese or Korean ginseng
– ‘true ginseng’
• Cultivated now in China, Korea, Japan, and Russia
– White ginseng
• Peeled and dried root
– Red ginseng
• Steamed with root intact and then dried
– Preparation technique may effect chemicals extracted and pharmacological effect

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3
Q

– Most studied giseng form in scientific literature

A

Panax ginseng

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4
Q

Panax quinquefolius aka __
– Grows from __ to __ -> in the shade of __ __ __
– __% is commercially produced in __
– Ginseng is expensive to produce -> __ to plant and harvest __ acre
– Seeds have high/low rate of germination and grow fast/slowly
– Should grow for __ years before cultivation -> Pure American ginseng can sell for __-__ per pound

A

Panax quinquefolius aka American ginseng

– Grows from Quebec to Florida -> in the shade of eastern hardwood trees
– 80% is commercially produced in Wisconsin
– Ginseng is expensive to produce -> $20,000 to plant and harvest one acre
– Seeds have low rate of germination and grow slowly
– Should grow for 6 years before cultivation -> Pure American ginseng can sell for $400-$600 per pound

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5
Q

Panax quinquefolius
– U.S. sales are $__ annually
– Ginseng is __ species in U.S.
– This variety of ginseng is the material from which the active ingredient in __ is purified

A

– U.S. sales are $300 million annually
– Ginseng is endangered species in U.S.
– This variety of ginseng is the material from which the active ingredient in Cold-FX is purified

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6
Q

Chinese and North American Indigenous language

• Name of ginseng means ‘__’

A

manlike

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7
Q

historical uses of ginseng
– ___ - Maintains __ potency in males
– Treat __, ___, __ __ pain
– __ extracts given as general tonic to give added __ and to __ __

A

Aphrodisiac
• Maintains sexual potency in males
– Treat asthma, anemia, lower back pain
– Root extracts given as general tonic to give added energy and to maintain health

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8
Q

Adaptogenic meaning

what plant does this

A

Increases the biological and mental resistance to stress

ginseng

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9
Q 
how is ginseng Adaptogenic
• Improves mental \_\_, _, and powers of _
• Increases _ by _ over fatigue
• Increases resistance to a wide variety of _, _, and
_ stresses
A

Improves mental efficiency, accuracy, and powers of
concentration
• Increases endurance by preventing over fatigue
• Increases resistance to a wide variety of physical, chemical, and
biological stresses

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10
Q

active ingredients of ginseng

extracts

A 
Cyclic triterpenes glycosides
• Saponins
– Ginsenosides
» Panaxadiols and panaxatriols
– Panaxosides
– Chikusetsusaponins
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11
Q

Different__ are produced depending

on whether white or red ginseng is prepared

A

ginsenosides

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12
Q

Rb-1 and Rg-1 have both _ and _ effects on the CNS

• Prevents _ deficits and _

A

Rb-1 and Rg-1 have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the
CNS
• Prevents memory deficits and amnesia

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13
Q

Rb-1 increases __ uptake into _ endings and facilitates
acetylcholine _
• More _ related signaling overall

A

Rb-1 increases choline uptake into nerve endings and facilitates
acetylcholine release
• More acetycholine related signaling overall

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14
Q

Rg-1 rescues neurons from _ damage and _

neuronal death

A

Rg-1 rescues neurons from ischemic damage and delays

neuronal death

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15
Q

Ginsenosides may act as agonists at _
receptors
– Activation of GABA pathways may _ CNS

A

Ginsenosides may act as agonists at GABA
receptors
– Activation of GABA pathways may depress CNS

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16
Q

American Ginseng
– __ Rb-1, very low/high amounts of Rg-1
– Treatment of ,,_

A

American Ginseng
– High Rb-1, very low amounts of Rg-1
– Treatment of insomnia, indigestion, toothaches

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17
Q

Chinese Ginseng
– _ Rg-1, _ Rb-1
– __ __ effects
– Ability to overcome _ and _ stress

A

Chinese Ginseng
– High Rg-1, low Rb-1
– Health promoting effects
– Ability to overcome fatigue and physical stress

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18
Q

Differences in __ suggests variation in the __ of Ginseng species

A

Differences in ginsenosides suggests variation in the

effects of Ginseng species

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19
Q

Overall, ginseng has more historical accounts
for use as a __ __
does it have scientific evidence to back up this claim

A

Overall, ginseng has more historical accounts
for use as a cognitive enhancer,

not as much - has more historical accounts compared to scientific claims

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20
Q

Ginkgo biloba

– a.k.a.

A

Kew or Maidenhair tree

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21
Q 
Gymnosperm
– Has existed for more than \_\_ \_\_ years
– Living specimens estimated to be more than \_\_\_ years old
•\_\_ bearing tree
  – Seeds are \_\_, \_\_/\_\_
•\_\_ shaped\_\_ leaves
• Produce\_\_ insecticide
A 
200 million
3,000
Seed
round, yellow/green
Fan, green
acidic
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22
Q

Gymnosperm

Only species in its own division:

A

Ginkgophyta

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23
Q

__million ginkgo trees are in cultivation for preparation of herbal supplements

A

50

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24
Q

Shen Nung: gingko usage
– Uses __ to treat __
loss and __ ailments

A

– Uses leaves to treat memory loss and breathing ailments

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25
Q

gingko tree introduced into Europe and North America in__ century

– Not commonly used until the __

A

18th

1960s

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26
Q

Gingko extracts now
marketed and Commonly prescribed __ in France and
Germany

A

natural ‘drug

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27
Q

t/f: for gingko Specific active compound(s) remain unknown

A

t

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28
Q

candidates of active compounds in gingko:
• Flavonoid glycosides - Apignenin, myricetin, kaemferol
• Biflavones
• Terpenes - Ginkgolides A,B,C, M, and J
• Diterpenes - Only found in roots and leaves
of this tree
– Bilobalide - Sesquiterpene
• Proanthocyanidins - antioxidant effects

A

candidates of active compounds in gingko:
• Flavonoid glycosides - Apignenin, myricetin, kaemferol
• Biflavones
• Terpenes - Ginkgolides A,B,C, M, and J
• Diterpenes - Only found in roots and leaves
of this tree
– Bilobalide - Sesquiterpene
• Proanthocyanidins - antioxidant effects

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29
Q

Ginkgo – Increases uptake of ___ into ___ neurons
• Results in enhanced release of __

– Increases number of __ receptors -> ___ mechanisms are associated with cognitive effects
– Increases uptake of __
– Inhibits ___ that usually
break down __ like dopamine

A

– Increases uptake of choline into presynaptic neurons
• Results in enhanced release of acetylcholine

– Increases number of muscarinic receptors
• Cholinergic mechanisms are associated with cognitive effects
– Increases uptake of serotonin
– Inhibits monoamine oxidases (MOAs) that usually
break down monoamines like dopamine

30
Q

overall effect of gingko mechanism

A

more acetylcholine, coupled with dopamine and serotonin actions

31
Q

Ginkgo Effects:
• __ -> Increased peripheral ___ flow
• __ -> Neuroprotective; Shows improvement in __ in animal and human studies
– __, but beneficial effects in ___ disease
– ___ effects to currently prescribed drugs that have similar __ mechanisms
• ___ toxicity and side effects of Ginkgo make it a good approach for treating ___ defects

A

• Vasodilation -> Increased peripheral blood flow
• Antioxidant -> Neuroprotective; Shows improvement in memory in animal and human studies
– Modest, but beneficial effects in Alzheimer’s disease
– Comparable effects to currently prescribed drugs that have similar cholinergic mechanisms
• Low toxicity and side effects of Ginkgo make it a good approach for treating cognitive defects

32
Q

Hypericum perforatum

A
  • Saint John’s-Wort
33
Q

Traditional Uses of Saint John’s-Wort
– Treatment of _, _, _
– Used in ancient Greece and medieval Europe to _
• ‘wort’ is Old English for _
• Harvested on the eve of _ _ day and _ to _ the air

A 
– Treatment of depression, insomnia, anxiety
– Used in ancient Greece and medieval
Europe to ward off evil spirits
• ‘wort’ is Old English for herb
• Harvested on the eve of St. John’s day
and burned to purify the air
34
Q

modern Uses of Saint John’s-Wort :
focused on - effects
• Widely prescribed in _

A

focused on anti-
depressive effects
• Widely prescribed in Europe

35
Q

Saint-John’s Wort
– Historically used to rid the insane of _ spirits

Commonly used now to treat _ and _
– Alternative to _ drugs like _

A

– Historically used to rid the insane of evil spirits

Commonly used now to treat anxiety and depression
– Alternative to SSRI drugs like Prozac

36
Q

__ times more popular in __ than in USA (late 1990s)
– Initially, extraction methods were the same/differ between the two countries
– Random survey of 10 brands of St. John’s Wort
• 3 had _ the potency listed
• 4 had less than _% of indicated potency

A

Seven times more popular in Europe than in USA (late 1990s)
– Initially, extraction methods differ between the two countries
– Random survey of 10 brands of St. John’s Wort
• 3 had half the potency listed
• 4 had less than 90% of indicated potency

37
Q

Saint-John’s Wort chemistry
At least _ active compounds
– clear/Unclear which are responsible for pharmacological effect
• Napthodianthrones -> _ and _ have _ inhibiting properties
• Terpenes, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Phloroglucinols
• Xanthones

A

At least 10 active compounds
– Unclear which are responsible for pharmacological effect
• Napthodianthrones -> Hypericin and pseudohypericin have MAO inhibiting properties
• Terpenes, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Phloroglucinols
• Xanthones

38
Q

Saint-John’s Wort Possible mechanism(s) of action
– Hypericin (_ inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of _
– Flavonols (_ inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of _ -> • Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase
– Inhibits reuptake of _
– Inhibits _ reuptake and activates _ receptors

A

Possible mechanism(s) of action
– Hypericin (MAO inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of serotonin
– Flavonols (COMT inhibitor) – prevents breakdown of
neurotransmitters
• Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase
– Inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters
– Inhibits GABA reuptake and activates GABA receptors

39
Q

t/f: Completely unclear which (if any) mechanisms are

responsible for anti-depressant effects in Saint-John’s Wort

A

t

40
Q

Saint-John’s Wort

t/f: In addition, it’s possible that some active compounds incorrectly identified

A

t

41
Q

Saint-John’s Wort has historically been _ for amounts of _

– May not be indicative of other active ingredients and relevant doses.

A

Saint-John’s Wort has historically been standardized for amounts of hypericin
– May not be indicative of other active ingredients and relevant doses.

42
Q 
t/f: Saint-John’s Wort is a good
demonstration that standardization
and better testing of active
compounds are necessary if herbal
medicines are to be accepted
A 
Saint-John’s Wort is a good
demonstration that standardization
and better testing of active
compounds are necessary if herbal
medicines are to be accepted
43
Q

hypericin is part of what plant and what type of compound is it

A

Saint-John’s Wort

phenolic

44
Q

Zingiber officinale

A

– Ginger

45
Q

ginger
Extensive historical use
– Known use in __ as early as 14th century B.C.
– Ancient Greeks and Romans
– Common import from __ from 11-13th centuries
– Mentioned in the __ as part of a divine drink

A

Extensive historical use
– Known use in China as early as 14th century B.C.
– Ancient Greeks and Romans
– Common import from Asia from 11-13th centuries
– Mentioned in the Koran as part of a divine drink

46
Q

Ginger (Zingiber) is from an _ word meaning _ _ _
– __ herbal tradition
• To treat rhinitis, gingivitis, toothache, cramps,
diabetes, stroke

– Spanish introduce it to _ and _ _
• Widely cultivated in these areas
• Ginger is generally used for therapeutic effects
on _ and _ function
• Major _ spice
A

Ginger (Zingiber) is from an Arabic word meaning
root of India
– Ayurvedic herbal tradition
• To treat rhinitis, gingivitis, toothache, cramps,
diabetes, stroke

– Spanish introduce it to Jamaica and West Indies
• Widely cultivated in these areas
• Ginger is generally used for therapeutic effects
on digestion and gastrointestinal function
• Major cooking spice

47
Q

Ginger Preparations
• Harvested
– 8-9 __ after planting to make dried ginger _
– 5-6 months for _ use
• Crystallized and candied and made into _
• Made into ginger oil for flavoring
• Drunk as ginger ale or ginger beer
– Traditionally made by _ ginger with other spices into _ beverage
• Now, just has more ginger in it, rather than _

A

• Harvested
– 8-9 months after planting to make dried ginger powder
– 5-6 months for fresh use
• Crystallized and candied and made into syrups
• Made into ginger oil for flavoring
• Drunk as ginger ale or ginger beer
– Traditionally made by fermenting ginger with other spices into alcoholic beverage
• Now, just has more ginger in it, rather than alcohol

48
Q

Widespread historical uses of herbal compounds for psychological disorders
– _ advocates use of cocaine to alleviate __
– Cannabis and opium were used to treat __

Discovery of psychopharmacological medications is important
– Represent _ methods to treat this variety of illness
– Leads to better understanding of _ _ and
normal brain function

A

Widespread historical uses of herbal compounds for psychological disorders
– Freud advocates use of cocaine to alleviate depression
– Cannabis and opium were used to treat agitation

Discovery of psychopharmacological medications is important
– Represent first methods to treat this variety of illness
– Leads to better understanding of mental illnesses and
normal brain function

49
Q

ginger chemistry:
Chemical composition affected by maturity at _,
_, _ origin
– Compounds primarily harvested from the _ of the plant
• Ginger is _% lipids
• The oil extract contains _ - Zingiberene (sesquiterpene), Zingiberol, Bisabolene
• Primary pungent chemical is _ _: Gingerol

A

ginger chemistry
Chemical composition affected by maturity at harvest,
climate, geographic origin
– Compounds primarily harvested from the rhizome of the plant
• Ginger is 7% lipids
• The oil extract contains terpenoids
– Zingiberene (sesquiterpene), Zingiberol, Bisabolene
• Primary pungent chemical is aromatic ketone
– Gingerol

50
Q 
Ginger Effects
– ‘Good for _’
• Increases _ emptying and _ motility
– Antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesia,
antiemetic
• Reduces _ sickness
– Inhibits _ aggregation
– _
A 
Ginger Effects
– ‘Good for digestion’
• Increases bile emptying and gastric motility
– Antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesia,
antiemetic
• Reduces motion sickness
– Inhibits platelet aggregation
– Antidepressant
51
Q

ginger mechanism of action:
Cellular studies, animal models, etc.: Observations have mostly been made _ _
• Eicosanoid inhibition - Could be related to _ relief and reduction of _
- Ginger extract inhibits formation of _, _, _
• _ receptor antagonism: Related to _ action?
• Substance _ release: Like capsaicin, may deplete stores and result in _

A

Cellular studies, animal models, etc.: Observations have mostly been made
• Eicosanoid inhibition
– Could be related to pain relief and reduction of
inflammation
• Ginger extract inhibits formation of thromboxanes, leukotrienes,
and prostaglandins
• Serotonin receptor antagonism
– Related to antidepressant action?
• Substance P release
– Like capsaicin, may deplete stores and result in analgesia
• Unclear how/if these are related to the
physiological effects of ginger

52
Q

Hydrastis Canadensis

A

(Goldenseal)

53
Q

Goldenseal
• Several common names: yellow root, tumeric root, and eye root
• “Goldenseal” comes from _ _ left on _ that appear in _

A

Goldenseal
• Several common names: yellow root, tumeric root, and eye root
• “Goldenseal” comes from yellow scars left on rhizome
that appear in spring

54
Q

goldenseal
• Native to _ _
– _ herbaceous plant
– Grows in rich, wooded, moist _: southwestern -
– About 30cm in height, has terminal small - _, with no _
• Medical rhizome: bright _ with an _ smell, horizontal and bears numerous slender _
– Recently classified as _ as its popularity has increased
• Makes export of whole _ and other parts _ without a permit
– Cultivation techniques similar to _

A

goldenseal
• Native to North America
– Perennial herbaceous plant
– Grows in rich, wooded, moist meadows: southwestern Ontario to Alabama
– About 30cm in height, has terminal small greenish-white flower, with no petals
• Medical rhizome: bright yellow with an acrid smell, horizontal and bears numerous slender roots
– Recently classified as endangered as its popularity has increased
• Makes export of whole root and other parts illegal without a permit
– Cultivation techniques similar to Ginseng

55
Q

historical use of goldenseal
Historical
– Indigenous Americans: root as both _ and _
• Root supplied brilliant _ for coloring clothes, weapons and skin painting.
– Mid _ century: Used by _ settlers to treat skin diseases, ulcers, gonorrhea and arrow wounds.

A

historical use of goldenseal
Historical
– Indigenous Americans: root as both dye and medicine
• Root supplied brilliant yellow for coloring clothes, weapons and skin painting.
– Mid 19th century:
• Used by European settlers to treat skin diseases, ulcers, gonorrhea and arrow wounds.

56
Q

– Goldenseal extracts now marketed:
• _ root is main form of trade
– Capsules, drops etc. available as well
– Often is/is not used in combination with other herbs (especially _)
– Cure all: Cancer to _ disease and _ – Limited evidence

A

– Goldenseal extracts now marketed:
• Powdered root is main form of trade
– Capsules, drops etc. available as well
– Often used in combination with other herbs (especially Echinacea)
– Cure all: Cancer to heart disease and pain – Limited evidence

57
Q

Goldenseal Chemistry
Total of _ alkaloids reported
• Two primary active constituents of goldenseal:
– β-hydrastine (1.5-4%) and berberine (0.5-6%)
and canadine (0.5-1%)

A

Total of 21 alkaloids reported
• Two primary active constituents of goldenseal:
– β-hydrastine (1.5-4%) and berberine (0.5-6%)
and canadine (0.5-1%)

58
Q

β-Hydrastine (Chemistry & Application)
• Discovered by __
• Isoquinoline __
– _ in water, but freely soluble in _ and _
– formerly used as an astringent, vasoconstrictor, and uterine stimulant
• _ properties

A

• Discovered by Alfred P. Durand
• Isoquinoline alkoloid
– Insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol and acetone
– formerly used as an astringent, vasoconstrictor, and uterine stimulant
• Vasoconstricting properties

59
Q

Berberine (Chemistry)
• Quaternary ammonium salt from group of __ __
• Dissolves _ in water
• Found in plants listed: Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, Hydrastis canadensis,
Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Eschscholzia california and Coptis chinensis
• Usually found in _, _, _ and _

A

• Quaternary ammonium salt from group of isoquinoline alkaloids
• Dissolves easily in water
• Found in plants listed: Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, Hydrastis canadensis,
Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Eschscholzia california and Coptis chinensis
• Usually found in roots, rhizomes, stems and bark

60
Q

Berberine applications:

- absorption through _ and _ (slowly) -> peak [plasma] in _hrs, _ hrs to clear, excreted in _

A

Berberine applications:

- absorption through skin and orally (slowly) -> peak [plasma] in 4hrs, 8 hrs to clear, excreted in urine

61
Q

Biosynthesis of beta-hydrastine and berberine

  • radioactive molecules introduced to goldenseal: ,,,
  • 2 potential hypothesis
    • AA hypothesis (classical): _ + _ precursors of _
    • prephenic acid hypothesis: _ (tyrosine’s biochemical precursor) is progenitor
A

Biosynthesis of beta-hydrastine and berberine

  • radioactive molecules introduced to goldenseal: glucose, phenylalanine, tyrosine, dopamine
  • 2 potential hypothesis
    • AA hypothesis (classical): tyrosine + dopa precursors of alkaloids
    • prephenic acid hypothesis: prephenic (tyrosine’s biochemical precursor) is progenitor
62
Q

Both __ and __ alkaloid derived from two molecules of tyrosine

A

Both beta-hydrastine and berberine alkaloid derived from two molecules of tyrosine

63
Q
  • __ specific precursor for beta-hydrastine

- only __ dopamine molecule used

A
  • dopamine specific precursor for beta-hydrastine

- only 1 dopamine molecule used

64
Q

Clinical studies on berberine: cancer

  • tested in vivo/vitro
  • __ and anti __ mechanisms
A

Clinical studies on berberine: cancer

  • tested in vivo/vitro
  • Antineoplastic and anti proliferation mechanisms
65
Q

For goldenseal

  • can dry underground _ or _ to make tea/liquid extract to treat :
    • _, _ infections, _, _ infections, _ treatment
A

For goldenseal

  • can dry underground stems or roots to make tea/liquid extract to treat :
    • colds, respiratory infections, diarrhea, eye infections, topical treatment
66
Q

Before purchasing goldenseal, it is analyzed by _ _ _

A

Before purchasing goldenseal, it is analyzed by quality control lab

67
Q

Future for goldenseal

A
  • further clinical trials needed
68
Q

Cognition

A

ability to intelligently process info

69
Q

Why look for cognitive enhancing drugs

2

A
  • optimize mental functioning

- treat dementia

70
Q

Herbal cognitive enhancers: solanceae family

  • plants include: ,,_
  • _ inhibitng effects -> _ levels rise, high concentration of this may be toxic
A

potato, tomato, eggplant

cholinesterase inhibitng effects -> Ach levels rise, high concentration of this may be toxic

71
Q

Herbal cognitive enhancers: vicia faba/fava Beans
- _ family
Contains significant amounts of __
- need to consume __ amounts to get therapeutic dose

A
  • fabaceae family
    Contains significant amounts of L-DOPA
    • need to consume large amounts to get therapeutic dose

bot 380 (4 decks)

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